tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40708172237034339872024-02-22T19:27:34.068+01:00Matthias C. Kettemann's International Law and the InternetMatthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.comBlogger93125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-39128839358562902042015-10-13T23:14:00.001+02:002015-10-13T23:14:31.224+02:00Das Grundrecht auf Internet ist ein Menschenrecht - Teil III meiner Blog-Serie ist erschienen<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PPETLrSiTcllVUTDbEmoAJ2h-O2EXTKEpl0QHHhgqtgYPcBnswLI5jbFivbWWhoacWkuq6jRcfkn15CqnrB9d9gFNoN3hBnruJT4Kv8i5hj-3OA5ZbvqA-8vo2Pj3eIGBPLcyZQjpsk/s1600/V%25C3%25B6lkerrechtsblog.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PPETLrSiTcllVUTDbEmoAJ2h-O2EXTKEpl0QHHhgqtgYPcBnswLI5jbFivbWWhoacWkuq6jRcfkn15CqnrB9d9gFNoN3hBnruJT4Kv8i5hj-3OA5ZbvqA-8vo2Pj3eIGBPLcyZQjpsk/s400/V%25C3%25B6lkerrechtsblog.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(c) <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/07/das-recht-auf-internet-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht/">Völkerrechtsblog</a><u><br /></u></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Heute ist der dritte und letzte Teil meiner dreteiligen Serie über die Frage nach Bestand und Inhalt eines "Rechts auf Internet" im Spiegel von Völkerrecht, Europarecht und Staatsrecht im <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/12/das-internetgrundrecht-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht-iii/">Völkerrechtsblog</a> erschienen<em>.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dieser Teil ist für die aktuelle Debatte um ein Recht auf Internet für Flüchtlinge besonders relevant. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #141412; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">In </span><a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/07/das-recht-auf-internet-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #bc360a; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">Teil I</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #141412; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"> habe ich gezeigt, dass das Völkerrecht den Zugang zum Internet in seinen beiden Dimensionen als Vorbedingung zur Ausübung kommunikativer Rechte schützt. In </span><a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/09/das-internetgrundrecht-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht-ii/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #bc360a; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">Teil II</a> <span style="background-color: white; color: #141412; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">habe ich nachgewiesen, dass dem Grundgesetz ein unmittelbarer verfassungsrechtlicher Leistungsanspruch auf Gewährleistung eines menschenwürdigen Existenzminimums zu entnehmen ist. Dieser schützt in der Auslegung des BVerfG ein Recht auf Teilhabe am kommunikativen Leben, das zu den Bedingungen der Informationsgesellschaft nur durch Internetzugang gesichert werden kann. Der Mensch, so Karlsruhe, existiere notwendig in sozialen Bezügen. Für Aufbau und Pflege dieser sozialen Bezüge aber ist ein Internetzugang essentiell. <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/12/das-internetgrundrecht-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht-iii/">Teil III</a> zeigt, dass dieses Grundrecht ein Menschenrecht ist, das auch Flüchtlingen und Asylbewerbern zukommt.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ich fasse auch meine Ausführungen in sechs Thesen zusammen: </span><br />
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Völkerrecht und Europarecht stellen den Rahmen, in dem das Grundgesetz auszulegen ist.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Es besteht ein unmittelbar verfassungsrechtlicher Leistungsanspruch auf Gewährleistung eines menschenwürdigen Existenzminimums.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Mit der objektiven Verpflichtung des Staates zu jener Gewährleistung aus Art. 1 Abs. 1 GG und dem Sozialstaatsprinzip korrespondiert ein Leistungsanspruch des Grundrechtsträgers als individuelles Recht.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Der Mensch als Person existiert notwendig in sozialen Bezügen. Daher muss ein Mindestmaß an Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen, kulturellen und politischen Leben gesichert werden.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Der Inhalt der Leistungsansprüche reflektiert den technischen Wandel. Das Mindestmaß an Teilhabe ist daher nur mittels Internetzugang realisierbar.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">Das alles gilt für deutsche wie ausländische Staatsbürger im gleichen Maße. Das Grundrecht auf Internetzugang ist ein Menschenrecht auf Internetzugang.</li>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-31883901178671880952015-10-09T14:49:00.000+02:002015-10-09T14:49:03.338+02:00Gibt es ein "Recht auf Internet"? Was das Staatsrecht sagt (ja)<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PPETLrSiTcllVUTDbEmoAJ2h-O2EXTKEpl0QHHhgqtgYPcBnswLI5jbFivbWWhoacWkuq6jRcfkn15CqnrB9d9gFNoN3hBnruJT4Kv8i5hj-3OA5ZbvqA-8vo2Pj3eIGBPLcyZQjpsk/s1600/V%25C3%25B6lkerrechtsblog.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PPETLrSiTcllVUTDbEmoAJ2h-O2EXTKEpl0QHHhgqtgYPcBnswLI5jbFivbWWhoacWkuq6jRcfkn15CqnrB9d9gFNoN3hBnruJT4Kv8i5hj-3OA5ZbvqA-8vo2Pj3eIGBPLcyZQjpsk/s400/V%25C3%25B6lkerrechtsblog.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(c) <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/07/das-recht-auf-internet-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht/">Völkerrechtsblog</a><u><br /></u></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wie angekündigt erscheint heute der zweite Teil meiner dreteiligen Serie über die Frage nach Bestand und Inhalt eines "Rechts auf Internet" im Spiegel von Völkerrecht, Europarecht und Staatsrecht im <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/09/das-internetgrundrecht-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht-ii/">Völkerrechtsblog</a><em>.</em> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ein Besuch wird empfohlen. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Die Kernaussage meines Beitrages: <em></em></span><br /><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Es besteht also ein individuelles Recht auf Internetzugang, um am
kommunikativen Leben teilhaben zu können, das mittels konkretem
Leistungsanspruch durchgesetzt werden kann. Dieses lässt sich dogmatisch (objektiv-rechtliche Grundrechtswirkung) sowohl als eigenständiges Recht
umfasst vom Grundrecht auf Gewährleistung eines menschenwürdigen
Existenzminimums (Art. 1 Abs. 1 iVm Art. 20 Abs. 1 GG) aber auch als
rechtlich geschützte Vorbedingung der Ausübung anderer Rechte
konstruieren</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-13050656116152367532015-10-09T14:22:00.001+02:002015-10-12T16:00:46.589+02:00Mass Surveillance - a big issue for freedom of expression<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OrVJFOWLpOq6jJ5F-JBfStyEZG-FCExdlpx64EOFPqf5v6V7tXcta8bOYGhrgQYWrPtDmTHBsb6qOcvDL1f3AJlixvh_oL2egjQN0xAwlCy0Xfxdq6otnGQKRC0XD-lnfZUV9nJv6no/s1600/Titel+CoE+FoE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6OrVJFOWLpOq6jJ5F-JBfStyEZG-FCExdlpx64EOFPqf5v6V7tXcta8bOYGhrgQYWrPtDmTHBsb6qOcvDL1f3AJlixvh_oL2egjQN0xAwlCy0Xfxdq6otnGQKRC0XD-lnfZUV9nJv6no/s320/Titel+CoE+FoE.jpg" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Interested in FoE? Why not have a look at<br> Wolfgang Benedek's and my book on the topic.<br> Find it <a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/en/human-rights-and-democracy/5810-freedom-of-expression-and-the-internet.html">here.</a> </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I’m heading to Strasbourg
today for an exiciting two-day <a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/conf-foe-2015/default_EN.asp"><span style="color: windowtext;">conference</span></a> on Freedom of Expression. You
can find the impressive line-up of speakers <a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/conf-foe-2015/rev13_Programme_Conf_13-14oct2015_English%28version%2001%2010%2015%29.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext;">here</span></a>. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I’m rapporteur for a session 5
– Decrypting the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>implications<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>assessing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>costs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of mass surveillance on freedom of expression with four exciting panellists:
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mr David Kaye</span><span style="color: windowtext;">,
UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and the protection of the right to
freedom of opinion and expression </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mr Iain Cameron</span><span style="color: windowtext;">,
Professor, University of Uppsala, member of Venice Commission </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mr Saša Janković</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">,
Protector of Citizens, Republic of Serbia</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ms Cécile de Terwangne</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">, Professor, Law Faculty Namur University, Research Director for CRIDS
(Research Centre Information, Law and Society)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">You can follow the conference
live<em>: </em></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://webtv.coe.int/index.php?EventID=12&language=__">Original delivery</a>, </span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://webtv.coe.int/index.php?EventID=12&language=EN">English</a><strong>, </strong></span></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://webtv.coe.int/index.php?EventID=12&language=TU">Turkish</a><strong>.</strong></span></em><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></strong><br>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I’ve also been asked to prepare
a little introduction into the topic – here it is:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Mass surveillance changes people</b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mass surveillance of Internet
traffic, as disclosed by Edwards Snowden, has changed the way people see the
Internet and act on it. It has shattered the (implied) trust placed in security
of the communicative networks, it has had chilling effects on freedom of
expression and the right to privacy, and it has deeply impacted the
relationship between states long adhering to the notion of positive social
change through a human rights-based information society. As a recent report on
mass surveillance by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
concluded, US agencies and their partners in certain Council of Europe member
states have introduced surveillance systems that escape democratic control and
accountability and endanger fundamental rights, including freedom of
expression. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Mass surveillance has substantial 'costs'</b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The ‘costs’ of mass
surveillance over the Internet are substantial, the ‘benefits’ are demonstrably
small: when compared with targeted surveillance mass surveillance is not more
effective in the fight against terrorism and organised crime. Rather,
deliberate steps towards weakening encryption standards and installing ‘back
doors’ in secure communication services to facilitating data collection can
pose a serious threat to national security when exploited by bad actors.
Cooperation in the fight against terrorism and organized crime is essential,
but it must be based on mutual trust and anchored in respect for human rights
and the rule of law. The findings of the PACE report were echoed in a report
adopted by the European Parliament in September 2015 (2014/2232(INI)) that
underlined the importance of encryption and privacy, including a call for an
end-to-end encryption standard without ‘back doors’ for government agencies,
and strongly criticized the national security argument often used to justify
mass surveillance.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Almost all mass surveillance systems violate human rights </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The European Court of Human
Rights has long established the principles under which freedom of expression
can be restricted. Applying its jurisprudence to mass surveillance meets
factual and jurisdictional difficulties, but not unsurmountable ones. Clearly,
any restrictions need to be prescribed by law and need to be necessary in a
democratic society for the pursuance of certain legitimate goals, such as
national security or the prevention of crime. The mass surveillance system as
implemented by Council of Europe member states largely does not meet these
criteria, as it was not prescribed by law and is not proportional. States must
ensure that only necessary surveillance takes place for clearly defined set of
objectives (and enumerated offences) and that threats must have reasonable
basis in fact. The conditions under which collected data can be transferred to
law enforcement (and to the agencies of other states) must be narrowly defined
and subject to oversight. The conditions under which collected data can be
searched and which selectors can be used also need to be clearly defined. When
selectors are attributable to specific persons, heightened accountability
standards need to be met. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Key cases</b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Court has developed
important principles for surveillance in the case of Weber and Saravia v.
Germany, which is still a controlling case, and its decisions in Klass and
Others v. Germany (importance of judicial supervision for surveillance
measures), Bucur and Toma v. Romania (protection of whistle-blowers), Iordachi
and others v. Moldova<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(narrow definition
of what constitutes a restriction on the grounds of national security) and
El-Masri v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(importance of democratic oversight over
security and intelligence services).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Further guidance can be expected in two pending cases directly related
to the legality of mass surveillance: Big Brother Watch and Others v. the
United Kingdom (no. 58170/13) and Bureau of Investigative Journalism and Alice
Ross v. the United Kingdom (no. 62322/14)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
Court’s case-law may also develop because of the privacy-friendly jurisprudence
of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the cases Digital Rights
Ireland, Google Spain und Google, Ryneš, Weltimmo and most recently, Schrems.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Protecting journalists</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b> </b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Already, the Court is
especially mindful of chilling effects on journalism by surveillance (Telegraaf
Media Nederland Landelijke Media B.V. and Others v. the Netherlands).
Journalist’s sources are especially vulnerable both to mass surveillance and to
laws obliging journalists, under penalty, to disclose their personal
information. These laws must meet the principles established by case-law of the
European Court of Human Rights. </span></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The confidentiality of sources, and the
credible protection to whistle-blowers are essential for all media, including
bloggers and other non-traditional media workers, to fulfil their role as
public watchdogs. Too often, security measures are used as pretexts to infringe
upon the right to freedom of expression of journalists and their sources. In
this vein, the Council of Europe three-year Europe-wide programme to support
national mechanisms to protect inter alia, journalists, ombudsman institutions
and press commissioners, as announced by the Secretary General, needs to be
sensitized to the implications of mass surveillance. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Democratic oversight of
security and intelligence services is essential. </span></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As the Council of Europe
Commissioner for Human Rights argues in his Issue Paper the oversight of
security services is “fundamental to ensuring that these institutions both
contribute to the protection of the populations they serve and respect the rule
of law and human rights in undertaking this task.” Implementing the
Commissioner’s recommendation will allow Council of Europe member states to
establish or reestablish a national dialogue on the human rights obligations of
these services. Similar suggestions have been made by the 2015 Venice
Commission report on democratic oversight of security services and signals intelligence
agencies. The role in using democratic oversight to limit human rights abuses
by these agencies needs to be further explored. </span></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>International cooperation is essential</b> </span></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">International cooperation in
the establishment of a human rights-based framework for surveillance is
essential to reestablish public trust in the Internet, especially in the light
of the de facto impact that US companies and US laws have on European data
subjects. First positive steps, including<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the September 2015 agreement by the EU and US to sign a data protection ‘umbrella
agreement’ that covers personal data that is shared between US and EU law
enforcement, must be continued. As a clear sign that human rights of Europeans
matter, the European Parliament, however, has made it clear that its acceptance
of the ‘umbrella agreement’ is premised upon US legislation giving Europeans
data protection rights before US courts. </span></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The 2015 Report by the
Secretary General of the Council of Europe called for a “shared responsibility
for democratic security in Europe”. Illegal mass surveillance by democratically
unaccountable intelligence services flies in the face of this call. Debating
the implications of mass surveillance, and proposing timely remedies, is
therefore essential. </span></span></div>
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<br></div>
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-91637609967908029682015-10-08T23:05:00.000+02:002015-10-08T23:05:03.597+02:00Die Schrems-Entscheidung des EuGH: eine multidimensionale Datenschutzarchitektur erhöht den Schutz der Privatsphäre im Internet<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5XDj3-Qjf9uReDtoo7xA95Pe8XC2efW_6UuqXPbcqhnLQUtDTCJQjK84zE3pf4zvlCuNUmJf71yFDVU7cVS3EqEqO9-ECU3rnWTtmeT-4CTjwB6fqtHXnEc5wxZTCuSS0SMe8hwoG0dY/s1600/juridikum_4_2011_cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5XDj3-Qjf9uReDtoo7xA95Pe8XC2efW_6UuqXPbcqhnLQUtDTCJQjK84zE3pf4zvlCuNUmJf71yFDVU7cVS3EqEqO9-ECU3rnWTtmeT-4CTjwB6fqtHXnEc5wxZTCuSS0SMe8hwoG0dY/s320/juridikum_4_2011_cover.jpg" title="" width="224" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Max Schrems hat es geschafft. Er kämpft aber auch schon sehr lange dafür. Schon 2011 </span><a href="http://www.juridikum.at/fileadmin/user_upload/ausgaben/juridikum_4-2011.pdf" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">veröffentlichte</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> er in einem von mir koordinierten Schwerpunkt des </span><a href="http://www.juridikum.at/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">juridikum</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> einen Beitrag zu seinen Bemühungen um mehr Datenschutz und stellte seine </span><a href="http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/DE/de.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Initiative</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> vor. Er hat das Potenzial für den Datenschutz weltweit genauso ein Paradeösterreicher zu werden wie Mozart für die Musik und Schwarzenegger für den Kraftsport.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Doch nun zum Urteil: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Etwas überraschend ist schon, wie eindeutig es ausgefallen ist. Der EuGH ist den Schlussanträgen von GA Bot
gefolgt. In einer Entscheidung vom 6. Oktober 2015</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> hob er die „Safe Harbour“-Entscheidung
der Kommission auf,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
weil es die Kommission verabsäumt habe festzustellen, dass die USA – durch
nationales Recht oder internationale Verpflichtungen – ein angemessenes grundrechtliches
Schutzniveau gewährleisteten.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Die Datenschutzbehörden der
EU-Mitgliedstaaten könnten weiterhin unabhängig prüfen,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ob ein Drittland ein angemessenes
Schutzniveau für das Recht auf Privatsphäre und Datenschutz sichert, wenn aus
diesem Mitgliedstaat dorthin Daten übermittelt werden.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Der EuGH wies auf seine ständige Rechtsprechung hin, dass die Union eine
„Rechtsunion“ sei und alle Handlungen von Organen anhand der Verträge, der
allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätzen und der Grundrechten zu prüfen seien.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Besonders kritisch
äußerte er sich hinsichtlich der breiten Ausnahmeregeln, die für US-Unternehmen
gälten. Den „Erfordernissen
der nationalen Sicherheit, des öffentlichen Interesses oder der Durchführung
von (amerikanischen) Gesetzen“ würde Vorrang vor dem Grundrechtsschutz
eingeräumt.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Das entspreche nicht dem „angemessenes Schutzniveau“ – einem jenem der Union „
der Sache nach gleichwertig(en)“</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title="">[7]</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Der EuGH unterstrich, dass jeder Eingriff in die
Charta-Grundrechte nach Art. 7 (Privatleben) und 8 (Datenschutz) klar und
präzise umrissen sein muss, sich auf das absolut Notwendige beschränken muss</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
und gleichzeitig wirksame Rechtsschutzmöglichkeiten für die Betroffenen zur
Verfügung stehen müssten, zumal es sich um personenbezogenen Daten handelt, die
automatisch verarbeitet werden (verweisend </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">auf
Digital Rights Ireland</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> u. a., C‐293/12 und C‐594/12)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Eingriffe in das Privatleben und den Schutz personenbezogener Daten müssten
sich auf das „absolut Notwendige“ beschränken. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Die Rechtslage in den USA entspreche diesen Anforderungen
nicht. Überschießend sei eine Regelung,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">„ die generell die Speicherung aller personenbezogenen Daten
sämtlicher Personen, deren Daten aus der Union in die Vereinigten Staaten
übermittelt wurden, gestattet, ohne irgendeine Differenzierung, Einschränkung
oder Ausnahme anhand des verfolgten Ziels vorzunehmen“.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gerade Reglungen, die Behörden gestattet, „generell auf den
Inhalt elektronischer Kommunikation zuzugreifen“ verstoßen gegen den
Wesensgehalt des durch Art. 7 der Charta garantierten Grundrechts auf Achtung
des Privatlebens.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Dieser Verweis auf de Wesensgehalt ist wichtig, da damit die Notwendigkeit einer Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung ausfällt. Auch ist interessant, dass schon der Zugriff - und nicht erst das Prozessieren - der Daten ausreicht. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Auch verletzt ist Art. 47 der Grundrechtecharta, das ein Grundrecht auf
wirksamen gerichtlichen Rechtsschutz, festschreibt, da für EU-Bürger keine
Möglichkeit besteht, bei US-Behörden Zugang
zu den sie betreffenden personenbezogenen Daten zu erlangen. Denn eine wirksame
gerichtliche Kontrolle zur „Gewährleistung der Einhaltung des Unionsrechts“ sei
„dem Wesen eines Rechtsstaats inhärent“.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Das Urteil folgt im Wesentlichen
den Ausführungen in den Schlussanträgen von Generalanwalt Yves Bot. Dieser
hatte argumentiert, dass eine ‚Safe Harbour‘-Entscheidung der Kommission von
den Datenschutzbehörden unbeachtet bleiben müsse (und diese im Übrigen ungültig
sei).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Die
„systemischen Mängel“ in den USA hinsichtlich des Schutzes des Privatlebens und
des Schutzes personenbezogener Daten würden es Staaten erlauben, erforderliche Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um die Rechte ihrer Bürger zu schützen.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn13">[13]</a> Der Zugriff durch amerikanische Nachrichtendienste auf die übermittelten Daten stellt einen Eingriff in Grundrechte europäischer Bürger dar, besonders weil
die Überwachung massiv und nicht zielgerichtet ist.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[14]</span></span></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Das Urteil unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Privatleben und
Datenschutz als Menschenrechte, bestätigt die Bedeutung, die der EuGH
europäis</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">cher Datenhoheit beimisst und stellt eine Fortführung der multidimensionalen
datenschutzfreundlichen Judikaturlinie des EuGH dar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Schon in <i>Digital Rights
Ireland </i>hatte er betont, dass er Eingriffe – besonders solche, die Datensammlung ohne Differenzierung, Einschränkung oder
Ausnahme vorsehen – regelmäßig Grundrechte verletzen, weil sie sich nicht auf
das „absolut Notwendige“ beschränken. In <i>Digital Rights Ireland</i> hatte der EuGH übrigens auch gerügt, dass
die RL zur Vorratsdatenspeicherung keine Speicherung im
Unionsgebiet vorgeschrieben hatte.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Mit </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Schrems </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">schützt der EuGH Privatleben und
Datenschutz gegen Handlungen der EU-Organe und anderer Staaten; in </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Google Spain und Google<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[16]</span></span></span></a> </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">fokussiert
er auf die Pflichten von Unternehmen; und in </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Ryneš<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[17]</span></span></span></a>
</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">erstreckte
er seine Judikatur auch auf Aktivitäten von Privaten (private Videoüberwachung
im öffentlichen Raum ist ein Eingriff in das Datenschutzrecht). Damit hat der
EuGH in nur zwei Jahren einen umfassende multidimensionaler Schutzjudikatur
entwickelt.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Es ist auch zu begrüßen, dass der EuGH sich in seinem Urteil
nicht so sehr auf der generalisierten Überwachung als Grund für die
Grundrechtswidrigkeit des Safe Harbour Abkommens fußt, wie dies noch in den
Schlussanträgen des Generalanwaltes zu lesen ist. Denn gerade PRISM wurde zumindest
seit 2013 in Ansätzen reformiert, dass manche der Vorwürfe des Generalanwaltes
nicht mit der amerikanischen Rechtslage übereinstimmen.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 12pt;">[19]</span></span></span></a><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> Allerdings verbleiben die
doppelten fatalen Mängel der nicht durchgeführten Überprüfung eines
äquivalenten Grundrechtsschutzes durch die Kommission und die Ermangelung eines
wirksamen Rechtsbehelfs, sodass Safe Harbour keinesfalls vor dem EuGH Bestand
hätte haben können.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Tendenziell werden – man denke an die wachsende Nutzung von Big
Data und das Internet der Dinge – transnationale Datentransfers eine immer
bedeutendere Rolle spielen. Das ist es nur sinnvoll, dass der EuGH hier die
Rechte der EU-Bürger gegenüber der EU und anderen Staaten, Unternehmen und
Privaten unterstreicht.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Nun werden die Rechtsabteilungen der großen
Internetunternehmen sowie die nationalen Datenschutzbehörden aktiv werden.
Letzere können nun nämlich den Transfer und die Prozessierung von Nutzerdaten
europäischer Bürger an sämtliche unter dem Safe Harbour-System
selbstzertifizierte US-Unternehmen verbieten – darunter finden sich Namen wie
Apple, Google, Facebook und Microsoft.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[23]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> Allerdings können Unternehmen auf bestehende </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 47.20000076293945px;">Standardavertragsklauseln und bindenden corporate rules verweisen. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Datentransfer ist immer noch unter Artikel 26 der VO 95/46/EG möglich, der
allerdings – gerade für kleine Unternehmen – mit administrativen Hürden
verbunden bist. In</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 35.4pt;">diesem Regime sind allerdings
außer Argentinien, Kanada, Israel und Neuseeland sämtliche anderer
Handelspartner der EU, ohne dass der elektronische Handel zum Erliegen gekommen
wäre. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Die
nächsten Wochen werden rechtpolitisch interessant. So schlimm wie es Penny
Pritzker, die US-Wirtschafsministerin, befürchtet, wird es aber nicht werden.
Die New York Times zitiert sie mit den Worten, dass das Urteil „the thriving
trans-Atlantic digital economy“ aufs Spiel setze. Dieses Risiko scheint gering.
Vielmehr setzte der EuGH der digitalen Wirtschaft klare Grenzen und nimmt alle
Akteure in eine menschenrechtliche Verantwortung – und das ist zu begrüßen.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref1">[1]</a> EuGH, Rs. C‐362/14, Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner, Urteil vom 6.10.2015. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Entscheidung 2000/520/EG der Kommission vom 26. Juli 2000 gemäß der Richtlinie 95/46 über die Angemessenheit des von den Grundsätzen des „sicheren Hafens“. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref3">[3]</a> EuGH, C-362/14, Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner, Urteil vom 6.10.2015, Rn 97-98. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref4">[4]</a> Ibid., Urteilsspruch 1, 2. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref5">[5]</a> Ibid., Rn. 60 <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref6">[6]</a> Ibid., Rn 86. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref7">[7]</a> Rn 73. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref8">[8]</a> Rn. 92. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref9">[9]</a> Rn 91. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref10">[10]</a> Rn 93. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref11">[11]</a> Rn 94. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref12">[12]</a> EuGH, C-362/14, Maximillian Schrems/Data Protection Commissioner. <a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf;jsessionid=9ea7d2dc30dda067267673324becab22d1f1b51e016e.e34KaxiLc3qMb40Rch0SaxuRaN90?text=&docid=168421&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=559466">Schlussanträge von Generalanwalt Yves Bot</a>. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref13">[13]</a> Ibid., Abs. 103-105. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref14">[14]</a> Ibid., Abs. 223. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref15">[15]</a> EuGH, Rs C‑293/12 and C‑594/12, Digital Rights Ireland und Seitlinger u.a., Urteil vom 8.4.2014. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref16">[16]</a> EuGH, Rs C-131/12, Google Spain und Google, Urteil vom 13.5.2014 <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref17">[17]</a> EuGH, Rs C-212/13 František Ryneš / Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů, Urteil vom 11.12.2014 <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref18">[18]</a> EuGH, Rs C-230/14, Press and Information Weltimmo s.r.o. v Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság, Urteil vom 1.10.2015 <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref19">[19]</a> Peter Swire, Don’t Strike Down the Safe Harbor Based on Inaccurate Views About U.S. Intelligence Law, 5 October 2015, https://iapp.org/news/a/dont-strike-down-the-safe-harbor-based-on-inaccurate-views-on-u-s-intelligence-law <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref20">[20]</a> European Commission, Questions and Answers on the EU-US data protection "Umbrella agreement", 8.11.2015,http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-5612_en.htm. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref21">[21]</a> Dies ist durch den Judicial Redress Act of 2015, <a href="http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/8a28056b-387e-46f2-8c80-655249f4ae8f/hr-1428.pdf">http://judiciary.house.gov/_cache/files/8a28056b-387e-46f2-8c80-655249f4ae8f/hr-1428.pdf</a>, geplant. Vgl. Francesca Bignami, <a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/519215/IPOL_STU%282015%29519215_EN.pdf">The US legal system on data protection in the field of law enforcement. Safeguards, rights and remedies for EU citizens</a>, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (May 15, 2015), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/519215/IPOL_ST U%282015%29519215_EN.pdf. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref22">[22]</a> Vgl. die Kritik bei Peter Schaar, Leaky Umbrella, EAID-Blog (Europäische Akademie für Informationsfreiheit und Datenschutz), 18.9.2015, http://www.eaid-berlin.de/?cat=8. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref23">[23]</a> Allerdings wäre immer noch ein Datentransfer unter Artikel 26 der VO 95/46/EG möglich. In diesem Regime sind außer Argentinien, Kanada, Israel und Neuseeland sämtliche anderer Handelspartner der EU. <br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftnref24">[24]</a> Mark Scott, Data Transfer Pact Between U.S. and Europe Is Ruled Invalid, 6.10.2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/technology/european-union-us-data-collection.html?_r=0</span>Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-27768030298188825022015-10-08T14:43:00.000+02:002015-10-08T14:43:01.106+02:00Gibt es ein "Recht auf Internet"? <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PPETLrSiTcllVUTDbEmoAJ2h-O2EXTKEpl0QHHhgqtgYPcBnswLI5jbFivbWWhoacWkuq6jRcfkn15CqnrB9d9gFNoN3hBnruJT4Kv8i5hj-3OA5ZbvqA-8vo2Pj3eIGBPLcyZQjpsk/s1600/V%25C3%25B6lkerrechtsblog.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PPETLrSiTcllVUTDbEmoAJ2h-O2EXTKEpl0QHHhgqtgYPcBnswLI5jbFivbWWhoacWkuq6jRcfkn15CqnrB9d9gFNoN3hBnruJT4Kv8i5hj-3OA5ZbvqA-8vo2Pj3eIGBPLcyZQjpsk/s400/V%25C3%25B6lkerrechtsblog.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(c) <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/07/das-recht-auf-internet-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht/">Völkerrechtsblog</a><u><br /></u></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gibt es ein Recht auf Internetzugang? Diese für die Informationsgesellschaft zentrale Frage lässt sich bejahen. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Zwischen Völkerrecht, Staatsrecht und Europarecht gibt es verschiedene normative Ansätze, die sich aufeinander beziehen und verstärken. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Auf dem <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2015/10/07/das-recht-auf-internet-zwischen-voelkerrecht-staatsrecht-und-europarecht/">Völkerrechtsblog</a> habe ich dazu einige Überlegungen veröffentlicht. Diese erscheinten in drei Teilen: gestern, heute und morgen.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Das Recht auf Internet zwischen
Völkerrecht, Staatsrecht und Europarecht (I)</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt;">Von Matthias C. Kettemann </span></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Die aktuellen Entwicklungen um die wachsende Anzahl von Flüchtlingen in
Europa führen Debatten in nicht erwartete Richtungen. So dynamisiert die Frage,
inwieweit Flüchtlingsunterkünfte mit WLAN, womöglich ‚Freifunk‘, ausgestattet
werden können, die Diskussion um das Recht auf Internetzugang<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>Natürlich muss der Staat nicht jedem
Flüchtling ein Smartphone zur Verfügung stellen. Das lässt aber das Grundrecht auf
Internetzugang unberührt. Teil I des Beitrages widmet sich der
völkerrechtlichen Begründung dieses Rechts; Teil II dem Leistungsanspruch, der
sich aus dem </span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">der sich aus dem
Verfassungsrecht auf Grundlage der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">ergibt; Teil III zeigt,
dass dieses Grundrecht ein Menschenrecht ist, das auch Asylwerbern zukommt und
schließt mit einem Update zum Europäischen Recht.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">„Wo kämen wir da hin?“</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Zuletzt behandelten zwei Kommentare in der <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Süddeutschen</i> und der <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">FAZ</i>
das Thema aus unterschiedlicher Sicht. In einem Beitrag für die in der
Süddeutsche Zeitung über Netzabschaltungen in Indien und Pakistan </span><a href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/digitale-debatte-koennt-ihr-mich-hoeren-1.2646750"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">argumentierte</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> der Politologe Ben
Wagner (Frankfurt/Oder), dass Flüchtlinge, die nach Deutschland kämen, ein
Recht auf Internetzugang hätten – und dies nicht nur um „nach Hause zu
telefonieren“. Kritiker, so Wagner, würden verkennen, dass „Zugang zum Internet
ein zentraler Weg ist, um Teil der deutschen Gesellschaft zu werden. Das
Internet bedeutet Zugang zu Bildung, zu Unterhaltung und Kultur, es ist
Grundlage für soziale Teilhabe. Zurzeit wird die oft vorhandene räumliche
Trennung von Flüchtlingen zur Gesellschaft durch eine weitere digitale
Abschottung verstärkt. So kann Integration nicht funktionieren.” Dies
veranlasste Jürgen Kaube in der FAZ zu einer sehr kritischen Reaktion: „</span><a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/menschenrecht-auf-internet-und-sogar-das-endgeraet-13804894.html"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Wo kämen wir da hin?</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">“, wenn der Staat
Flüchtlingen Endgeräte zur Verfügung stellen müsste – noch dazu als Ausfluss
eines Menschenrechts auf Internet. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Zwei Dimensionen des Internetzugangs</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ohne Zugang zum Internet (Infrastrukturdimension) und Zugang zu Internetinhalten
(Inhaltsdimension) können Menschen nicht am Möglichkeitsraum des Internets
teilnehmen. Alle Menschenrechte – zumal Zugang als Voraussetzung der Ausübung
aller Menschenrechte online und die Meinungsäußerungsfreiheit als zentrale
Freiheit im Internet –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>werden unaufgeregt
auf das Internet, das als technische Einrichtung selbst eine katalysierende
Funktion für die Ausübung der Menschenrechte hat, übertragen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kurz: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Was
offline gilt, gilt auch online</i>. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Dies bestätigt periodisch der Menschenrechtsrat der Vereinten Nationen,
zuletzt in seiner Resolution aus </span><a href="http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/1079873.96419048.html"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">2014</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">, in der er die Staaten
auffordert, „to promote and facilitate access to the Internet”. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ähnlich ist der Ansatz, den eine </span><a href="http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20870&lang=en"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Resolution</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> der Parlamentarischen
Versammlung des Europarates zum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Right</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">to Internet Access </i>verfolgt. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sie ruft die Mitgliedstaaten des Europarates dazu auf
sicherzustellen, dass „</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">everyone shall have the right to Internet access as an essential
requirement for exercising rights under the European Convention on Human
Rights”.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Inzwischen wird nicht mehr die Kodifizierung eines „Rechts auf
Internet(zugang)“ gefordert. Warum auch: Es lässt sich dogmatisch sehr gut als
Vorbedingung der Ausübung anderer Rechte konstruieren, wie </span><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">dieser prägende UN-Bericht</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> von 2011 aufzeigt: Das
Internet sei ein „</span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">catalyst for individuals to exercise their right to freedom of opinion and
expression”; es „facilitates the realization of a range of other human rights”
(</span><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abs. 22</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gleichzeitig sei die Meinungsäußerungsfreiheit “as much a
fundamental right on its own accord as it is an “enabler” of other rights” (</span><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abs. 22</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Zugang zum Internet ist
Voraussetzung zur Ausübung der Kommunikationsfreiheiten. Diese wiederum haben
eine katalysierende Funktion für alle anderen Rechte. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In einer Gesamtschau lässt sich also mit guten Gründen argumentieren, dass
ein Recht auf Internetzugang im Völkerrecht besteht. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Artikel 19 Abs. 2 des Zivilpaktes
kann in diesem Sinne ausgelegt werden. Er schützt die Verbindungstechnologien,
indem er Meinungsäußerung durch „any […] media of [one’s] choice“ absichert. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Der Menschenrechtsausschuss bestätigt zwar die </span><a href="http://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/111201_CCPR-C-GC-34.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">abwehrrechtliche Dimension </span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>der Artikels in seinem </span><a href="http://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/111201_CCPR-C-GC-34.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">General Comment No. 34 zu Artikel 19</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> (zB
Abs. 13), zeigt aber auch die Leistungsdimension auf. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dem Völkerrecht eigen ist die sachte Ausdrucksweise: </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">„States parties should take
all necessary steps to foster the independence of these new media and to ensure
access of individuals thereto” (</span><a href="http://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/111201_CCPR-C-GC-34.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Abs. 15</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">). </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">UNO: Internet ist
entscheidend für die Entwicklung</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Die Entwicklung des Völkerrechts schreitet voran und der </span><a href="https://www.mohr.de/buch/jenseits-der-menschenrechte-9783161527494"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Mensch</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><a href="http://www.brill.com/humanization-international-law"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">rückt</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><a href="http://www.zaoerv.de/68_2008/68_2008_1_a_111_128.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">ins</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><a href="http://www.elevenpub.com/law/catalogus/the-future-of-individuals-in-international-law-1"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Zentrum</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">: Staaten haben erkannt,
dass das Recht auf Internetzugang in der Praxis zu verwirklichen entscheidend
ist für die menschliche Entwicklung. In der </span><a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Agenda for
Sustainable Development</span></i></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> für 2030 bekennen sich die Staaten der Vereinten
Nationen dazu, bis 2020 universellen und leistbaren Internetzugang in Entwicklungsländern
zu sichern (</span><a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/7891Transforming%20Our%20World.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ziel 9c</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">). Wie wollen sie das
erreichen? Die </span><a href="http://bestbits.net/global-connect-initiative."><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Global Connect Initiative</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> der USA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ist hier beispielhaft. Auch Unternehmen
ließen sich inspirieren: Anlässlich des UNO-Gipfels zur Agenda 2030 initiierte
Facebook die „</span><a href="http://connecttheworld.one.org/"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Connect The World</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">“-Kampagne. Das ist mehr
als ein Marketing-Gag. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Dominierende Technologieunternehmen kann aus dem Recht auf Zugang als
Voraussetzung zur Ausübung anderer Menschenrechte eine „corporate
responsibility to respect“ auferlegt werden, </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wie sie sich insbesondere aus den </span><a href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Business/A-HRC-17-31_AEV.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Guiding
Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations
“Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> ergibt. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Facebook entwickelt
Solar-Drohnen, die Internetzugang in entlegenen Gebeten sichern sollten. Google
hat mit Sri Lanka den ersten Staat für sein „Project Loon“ gewinnen können, das
Internetzugang über Ballone bieten soll. Diese Projekte scheinen zwar
vordergründig der Implementierung des Rechts auf Zugang zu dienen, doch werfen
sie sowohl im Detail (</span><a href="https://www.publicknowledge.org/documents/exploring-zero-rating-challenges-views-from-five-countries"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Zero Rating</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">) als auch dem Grunde
nach Probleme auf: Sollen Staaten wirklich im Verzicht, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>grundlegende Kommunikationsinfrastruktur
selbst aufzubauen, bestärkt werden und auf die Gesetze des Marktes (oder die
mittelfristige Freigiebigkeit multinationaler Unternehmen) setzen? Hier sind
Zweifel berechtigt: Schon im </span><a href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Business/A-HRC-17-31_AEV.pdf"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ruggie</span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">-Framework</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> verbleibt bei Staaten die „duty to protection human
rights.“</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ich komme zu einem ersten Fazit: Das Völkerrecht schützt den Zugang zum
Internet in beiden Dimensionen als Menschenrecht. Die abwehrrechtliche
Dimension des Zugangs zur Internet-Inhalten wirft wenig elementare Fragen auf.
Schwieriger ist es, die positivrechtliche Dimension des Zugangs im Bereich der
Infrastrukturdimension auzubuchstabieren. Dennoch kann im Lichte der herausragenden
Bedeutung des Internets für die Realisierung aller Menschenrechte der physische
Zugang zum Internet nur als völkerrechtlich geschützt gedeutet werden. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Um es einfach zu machen: Ohne Zugang keine Meinungsäußerung bei freier Wahl
des Kommunikationsmediums. Konkrete Leistungsansprüche gegen Staaten gewinnen
indes vor der Folie des nationalen Verfassungsrechts verstärkt an Kontur. Wie
sich die Situation in Deutschland darstellt werde ich in Teil II behandeln. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Als Teaser: Ein Grund- und Menschenrecht auf Internetzugang kann als
individueller unmittelbarer verfassungsrechtlicher Leistungsanspruch konzipiert
werden.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Dr. Matthias C. Kettemann, LL.M. (Harvard), ist </span></i><a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/de/organisation/mitarbeiter-a-z/person/442"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Post-Doc Fellow</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> am
Exzellenzcluster „Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen“ der
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main und arbeitet zu Recht und Macht im
Internet und </span></i><a href="http://internationallawandtheinternet.blogspot.de/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">bloggt</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">. Für den Europarat war er Mitverfasser Studie </span></i><a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/en/human-rights-and-democracy/5810-freedom-of-expression-and-the-internet.html"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Freedom of Expression on
the Internet</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> (2014). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Der Beitrag beruht auf einem
Gutachten des Verfassers zum „Völkerrecht des Netzes“ für die
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, das bei der </i></span><a href="https://www.fes.de/de/digikon15/programm/deutsch/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;">#DigiKon15</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> in Berlin am 25.11.2015 vorgestellt wird. </span></i><span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-80123966103194302752015-08-13T21:34:00.001+02:002015-08-13T21:34:27.240+02:00Version française de notre livre sur la liberté d'expression sur Internet publié<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFy7DhPNJ3dlOj4lCExtHcln3GTeqSPxIftjOS4knrLdIb4ri1BM1gYhmISQ5v0I77HHpoHoz-wltW6zkQe7n69JbMAYuPGmx2wGX-5KO4Bfp0nxf0T6mwShwBVGyDXKHtOdHpTiujEI/s1600/Bildschirmfoto+2015-08-13+um+21.25.15.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFy7DhPNJ3dlOj4lCExtHcln3GTeqSPxIftjOS4knrLdIb4ri1BM1gYhmISQ5v0I77HHpoHoz-wltW6zkQe7n69JbMAYuPGmx2wGX-5KO4Bfp0nxf0T6mwShwBVGyDXKHtOdHpTiujEI/s400/Bildschirmfoto+2015-08-13+um+21.25.15.png" width="280" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A year after Wolfgang Benedek's and my book on Freedom of Expression and the Internet was <a href="http://internationallawandtheinternet.blogspot.de/2014/01/freedom-of-expression-and-internet-all.html">published</a> with Council of Europe Publishing we are excited to announce that the French translation which has been in the making for some time has been completed earlier this year and the book is now available to any interested francophone readers. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is very import to make the book available to non-English speakers or those who prefer content in their native French. This should ensure that our approach to Freedom of Expression online based on the protection of the European Convention on Human Rights and the jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court can now be read in the traditional language of international diplomacy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f9f9fa; color: #3c75b7;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Liberté d'expression et internet (2014)</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9fa; color: #3c75b7;"><b><i>Wolfgang Benedek et </i></b></span><b style="background-color: #f9f9fa; color: #3c75b7;"><i>Matthias C. Kettemann </i></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f9f9fa; color: #3c75b7;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It's competitively priced and available <span style="background-color: #f9f9fa; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px;">as </span><a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/fr/droits-de-l-homme-et-democratie/6344-liberte-d-expression-et-internet.html" style="border: 0px; color: #2569b2; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none medium; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pdf</a>, <span style="background-color: #f9f9fa; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/fr/droits-de-l-homme-et-democratie/6405-liberte-d-expression-et-internet.html" style="border: 0px; color: #2569b2; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none medium; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">epub</a>, <a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/fr/droits-de-l-homme-et-democratie/6406-liberte-d-expression-et-internet.html" style="border: 0px; color: #2569b2; cursor: pointer; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none medium; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">mobi</a> - and of course in the traditional form.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From the publisher's <a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/fr/droits-de-l-homme-et-democratie/6317-liberte-d-expression-et-internet.html">website</a>:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"L’expansion d’internet a engendré une croissance exponentielle des possibilités de s’exprimer, mais elle a aussi multiplié les dangers qui menacent la liberté d’expression. Du Printemps arabe au mouvement mondial Occupy, la liberté d’expression sur internet a une profonde incidence sur des débats décisifs pour notre avenir. Parallèlement, les États sont de plus en plus nombreux à recourir à internet pour espionner des journalistes et des citoyens journalistes, poursuivre et emprisonner des blogueurs, et exercer une censure en ligne.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cet ouvrage répond à des questions essentielles concernant la portée et les limites de la liberté d’expression en ligne. Il cherche à porter un éclairage sur un paysage souvent obscur : qu’avons-nous le droit de dire en ligne ? Comment sont protégés nos idées et le processus de diffusion et de réception des informations ?</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Il expose le large éventail des droits protégés par la liberté d’expression, dont la liberté des médias et le droit d’accéder à des informations par le biais d’internet. Il souligne aussi l’importance des initiatives d’organisations internationales et non gouvernementales visant à définir des règles, et à assurer leur suivi et leur promotion. Un chapitre consacré aux pratiques nationales rapporte les réactions de différents pays confrontés à la difficulté d’assurer la liberté d’expression pour tous à l’ère d’internet. Alors que la Toile occupe de plus en plus de place dans notre quotidien, ce livre est une ressource précieuse pour comprendre les droits et les obligations de chaque acteur d’internet : États, entreprises et société civile."</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-88417575446168800842015-08-12T22:36:00.000+02:002015-08-12T22:36:14.147+02:00Just published: European Yearbook on Human Rights 2015<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuG7eyp3fGviRmLRmN_i8v6OSWMuCb0EHauJgFrblgRQ-W3htIRt4eMvN5JNEqgthg_dSCCWY-GAkYeyy6auCL4scX4TKZaLhq8RrtFHlsrSotl3qy-DlKxa7_pTSIzf1dvK2uPwrjSrY/s1600/Bildschirmfoto+2015-08-12+um+22.30.31.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuG7eyp3fGviRmLRmN_i8v6OSWMuCb0EHauJgFrblgRQ-W3htIRt4eMvN5JNEqgthg_dSCCWY-GAkYeyy6auCL4scX4TKZaLhq8RrtFHlsrSotl3qy-DlKxa7_pTSIzf1dvK2uPwrjSrY/s320/Bildschirmfoto+2015-08-12+um+22.30.31.png" width="264" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="isbn" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ISBN: 978-3-7083-1040-4, 582 pages, 2015</span></div>
<div class="isbn" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><div>
<ul style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px !important;">
<li style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">European Yearbook on Human Rights 2015</span></span></li>
<li></li>
<li style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></li>
<li style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wolfgang Benedek / Florence Benoît-Rohmer / Matthias C. Kettemann / Benjamin Kneihs / Manfred Nowak</span></li>
<li style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></li>
<li style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Publisher's <a href="http://www.nwv.at/recht/verfassungsrecht/1143_european_yearbook_on_human_rights_2015/">website</a></span></li>
<li style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><br /></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="NWVStandard">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2014 was
a year of transition and controversy in Europe: a new Parliament and new
Commission were constituted and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opinion
2/13</i> of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the EU’s accession to
the European Convention on Human Rights raised serious questions about the
coherence of and cooperation between Europe’s human rights protection regimes. Especially
in times of the socio-political conflicts that are connected to Europe’s
austerity politics, the challenges to human rights grow. It is important to
provide the policy-makers and diplomats but also researchers and citizens with cutting-edge
research into the practice of human rights protection. This is what the European
Yearbook on Human Rights 2015 sets out to do. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="NWVStandard">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="NWVStandard">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Across 38
contributions by 61 authors in five sections, the seventh edition of the
Yearbook explains and contextualizes key developments in human rights in Europe
and the world.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="NWVStandard">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Edited
jointly by representatives of four major European human rights research, teaching
and training institutions, the Yearbook 2015 contains, as usual, a Topic of the
Year section, and covers all relevant political and legal developments in the
field of the three main organizations charged with securing human rights in
Europe: EU, Council of Europe and OSCE. A section on cross-cutting topics
concludes the Yearbook.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="NWVStandard">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="NWVStandard">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
biggest news regarding institutional protection of human rights in Europe is
undoubtedly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opinion 2/13 </i>of the Court
of Justice of the European Union which dashed the hopes of many European human
rights lawyers for a quick completion of the EU accession to the European
Convention on Human Rights. The CJEU raised a number of complicated issues
related to the autonomy of the EU’s legal order, the disputes settlement
monopoly of the CJEU, the mechanism provided for EU involvement in Strasbourg,
the prior-involvement-procedure and the problems of judicial review of
questions regarding the Common Foreign and Security Policy. This Yearbook
extensively covers the opinion in the first section, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Topic of the Year</i>.</span></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">See the exciting table of contents <a href="http://www.nwv.at/dl/KEXjKtMKcu_pdf">here</a> and below.</span></div>
<div class="page" title="Page 1">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Table of Contents
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I Topics of the Year ................................................................ 25
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paul GRAGL
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Reasonableness of Jealousy: Opinion 2/13 and EU<br />
Accession to the ECHR ............................................................................. 27
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Elisabeth STEINER and Ioana R</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Ă</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">TESCU
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Long Way to Strasbourg – The Impact of the CJEU’s Opinion<br />
on the EU’s Accession to the ECHR ........................................................ 51
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Maria BERGER und Clara RAUCHEGGER
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Opinion 2/13: Multiple Obstacles to the Accession of the EU to<br />
the ECHR .................................................................................................... 61
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">II European Union .................................................................... 77
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wolfgang BENEDEK
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EU Human and Fundamental Rights Action in 2014 .............................. 79
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hans-Peter FOLZ
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Court of Justice of the European Union and Human Rights in
2013-2014.................................................................................................. 105
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Theodor RATHGEBER
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Human Rights à la Carte: The EU at the UN Human Rights<br />
Council in 2014......................................................................................... 125
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gosia PEARSON
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Assessment of the Implementation of the EU Human Rights<br />
Strategy and Action Plan as Regard Business and Human Rights .... 135
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11
</span></span><br />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Table of Contents
</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Valentina CAGNIN
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Potential Role of the Horizontal Social Clause (Article 9<br />
TFEU) on Social Rights Protection ........................................................ 143
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Karin LUKAS
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Social
Charter – an Alliance for Social Rights?................................................ 153
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ewelina TYLEC
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Influence of Economic Crisis on Fundamental Rights in the
European Union: A Step Forward or Step Backwards? ....................... 165
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moritz BIRK and Gerrit ZACH
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Torture Prevention in the EU – Many Actors, Few Outcomes? ........... 175
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Grazia REDOLFI
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">European Union’s Attitude Towards Reproductive Rights: Clear<br />
Policy or Double Standards Approach ................................................. 189
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Denise VENTURI
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Body as an Instrument of Border Control: Remarks on Age
Assessment for Unaccompanied Migrant Children ............................. 201
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rocío ALAMILLOS SÁNCHEZ
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EU Sanctions Policy: A New Human Rights Tool? The Case of Belarus ..................................................................................................... 213
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nicolas HACHEZ and Jan WOUTERS
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introducing FRAME: A Large-Scale Research Project on the<br />
European Union and Human Rights ...................................................... 227
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Katharina HÄUSLER and Alexandra TIMMER
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law in EU External<br />
Action: Conceptualization and Practice ............................................... 231
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Balázs MAJTÉNYI
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Nation’s Will as Trump in the Hungarian Fundamental Law ........ 247
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Felipe GÓMEZ ISA and María NAGORE CASAS
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EU Member States Under the Universal Periodic Review of the<br />
Human Rights Council: Achievements and Challenges ...................... 261
</span></span><br />
<img alt="page2image15176" height="0.234000" src="file:///page2image15176" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" width="326.142000" /></div>
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<div class="layoutArea">
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<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Carolina PAVESE, Jan WOUTERS and Katrien MEUWISSEN
</span></span><br />
</div>
</div>
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The European Union and Brazil in the Quest for the Global<br />
Promotion of Human Rights: Prospects for a Strategic<br />
Partnership .............................................................................................. 279
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Viljam ENGSTRÖM and Mikaela HEIKKILÄ
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lisbonising Back and Forth? Strategic Planning and<br />
Fundamental Rights in the AFSJ............................................................ 295
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Veronika APOSTOLOVSKI, Isabella MEIER, Markus MÖSTL, Klaus STARL
and Maddalena VIVONA
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Measuring Human Rights in EU Practice: Realities and<br />
Requirements ........................................................................................... 307
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">III Council of Europe .............................................................. 317
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Brigitte OHMS, Dominik HAIDER, Elisabeth HANDL-PETZ, Martina LAIS
and Sebastian SCHOLZ
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in<br />
2014: A Year of Consolidation ................................................................ 319
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Amalie BANG
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Recent Developments in Whistleblower Protection in Europe ........... 343
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jonas GRIMHEDEN and Gabriel N. TOGGENBURG
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fundamental Rights in EU Criminal Justice Instruments: How to<br />
Best Make the Glass Slipper Fit? ........................................................... 355
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adina PORTARU
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The “Rights and Freedoms of Others” vs. Religious<br />
Manifestations: Who Wins at the ECtHR? ............................................. 367
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Zane RATNIECE and Kushtrim ISTREFI
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Limits of the Strasbourg Court’s Two-Level Harmonization
Approach vis-à-vis SC Resolutions in </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Al-Dulimi </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.................................. 379
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Philip CZECH
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">European Human Rights in International Military Operations............. 391
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sarah LAMBRECHT
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Brexit Scenario: Potential Consequences of a Withdrawal of<br />
the UK from the European Convention on Human Rights .................. 407
</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IV OSCE.................................................................................... 421
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Manfred NOWAK
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Torture, Enforced Disappearances and Extrajudicial Killings in<br />
the OSCE Region ..................................................................................... 423
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eva Katinka SCHMIDT and Vasily VASHCHANKA
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Judicial Performance Evaluation and Judicial Independence:
International Standards for an Appropriate Balance............................ 435
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Irina URUMOVA
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Role of Social Inclusion in Preventing Victimization: What<br />
We Know and What We Don’t Know ...................................................... 445
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lucile SENGLER
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Foreign Terrorist Fighters: A Human Rights Perspective.................... 453
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Martina ORLANDI
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wartime Sexual Violence: The Route to Accountability Between
International Justice and Political Commitments ................................ 467
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kateryna RYABIKO and Marcin WALECKI
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Right to Political Participation Beyond Elections ............................. 479
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Andrei RICHTER
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Relationship between Freedom of Expression and the Ban<br />
on Propaganda for War ........................................................................... 489
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">V Cross-Cutting Issues........................................................... 505
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Klaus STARL, Veronika APOSTOLOVSKI and Ingrid NICOLETTI
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Human Rights Education for the Judiciary: An Assessment of a<br />
Decade of Training Experience ............................................................. 507
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tessa SCHREMPF
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An Economy to Feed (on) Human Beings? Human Rights and the
Responsibility to Counteract .................................................................. 517
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Patrick HARRIS
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prisoners: Disenfranchised with Dignity? Searching the Legal<br />
and the Theoretical to Find the Cure for Europe’s Ailing Right to<br />
Vote ........................................................................................................... 533
</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">VI Book Reviews ..................................................................... 551
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Biographies....................................................................................................... 567
</span></span><br />
</div>
</div>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-36227065218542341182015-08-12T22:17:00.001+02:002015-08-12T22:17:37.276+02:00Tracing Normative Influence: From the Charter of Internet Rights and Principles to the Italian Declaration of Internet Rights<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0n8B_PHYHBm6c6qtxMdyur4XZT4KWitUYjamhLfMSRsDaiEOLzd4LFQt1cJM1WYLGgbFSQREwmtzoZ9HDSlyul269UKzTFnNuX6TJogyzluktEt9dAtC-U14jf7cZDo3MrLg9gmRBGyM/s1600/IRPC_Booklet-English_4thedition_Page_01-620x879.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0n8B_PHYHBm6c6qtxMdyur4XZT4KWitUYjamhLfMSRsDaiEOLzd4LFQt1cJM1WYLGgbFSQREwmtzoZ9HDSlyul269UKzTFnNuX6TJogyzluktEt9dAtC-U14jf7cZDo3MrLg9gmRBGyM/s400/IRPC_Booklet-English_4thedition_Page_01-620x879.jpg" width="281" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the key bottom-up normative approaches regarding human rights online in the last years was the </span><a href="http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Internet Rights & Principles Coalition</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">'s </span><a href="http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/charter/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. The Charter has been a very influential document in the framing of the debate on human rights online. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a <a href="http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/forza-internet-rights-iprc-charter-as-source-of-inspiration-for-innovative-italian-declaration-of-internet-rights/">blog post</a> on the Coalition's site, which I am reproducing below, I argue that the influence has also been substantial for the most recent national multi-stakeholder effort to frame the role of human rights online (and Internet governance).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"On 28 July 2015, Laura Boldrini, the speaker of Italy’s House of Deputies <a href="http://bit.ly/1OyGfqE" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;">announced</a> the publication of Italian Declaration of Internet Rights<u style="box-sizing: border-box;">.</u> She <u style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cio.de/a/italian-parliament-drafts-a-declaration-of-internet-rights,3244640" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">called</a> </u>it the “first time that a parliament produces a declaration on Internet rights of constitutional inspiration and international scope”. Drawn up in a multistakeholder process the drafting phase also included multiple drafts, the last of which was also discussed on the IRP list in March of this year.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><u style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.camera.it/leg17/1131?shadow_comunicatostampa=8291" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">study commission</a></u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> behind the Declaration was led by Prof. Stefano Rodotà and included experts such as Juan Carlos De Martin, co-founder and co-director of the Nexa Center for Internet & Society (read more on the process</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><u style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://nexa.polito.it/declaration-internet-rights" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a></u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">). Though the Declaration is an impressive document on its own, Prof. De Martin confirmed that the Commission’s first step was to synthesize “previous efforts”. He especially highlighted the importance of the IRPC’s</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><u style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/IRPC_Booklet-English_4thedition.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Charter of Human Rights and Principles of the Internet</a></u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, as being “the most important and mature” normative efforts towards stratifying human rights on the Internet.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“After one year of work, a 5-month public consultation and 46 hearings, the study commission has shared with the international community a potential blueprint for an Internet Constitution”, Professor de Martin explains. “As private and public powers increase their presence in our common digital space we urgently need to assert and protect the rights of citizens online to preserve both democracy and freedom,” he adds.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Not only was the IRPC Charter a source of inspiration for the Italian Declaration, but both documents share similar approaches to human rights and their role in furthering a people-centred and sustainable information society. Charter and Declaration also transcend the artificial separation of social and economic and civil and political rights.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In particular, the Italian Declaration reaffirms that all fundamental rights apply offline just as online (Art. 1) and that every person has a right to Internet access (Art. 2). Innovative codifications include Art. 6. on the right to informational self-determination and Art. 9 on the right to be forgotten. Art. 14 gives a nod to the international dimension of protecting human rights online by providing that “Internet rules” on all levels need to be human rights-sensitive.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is also striking is the holistic focus on human rights and the centrality of the right to access. Article 1, para. 1., cleverly incorporates existing human rights law by referencing the UDHR, the EU’s Fundamental Rights Charter, “national constitutions and other relevant international declaration”. These “shall be protected on the Internet”. This allows the authors to refrain from reiterating the rights and allows for certain flexibility, but does leave some normative uncertainty as to the concrete rights referred to. There are, after all a lot of “relevant international declaration”, especially if you count, as you should, those by stakeholders other than states, including the IRPC’s Charter.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But the Commission has chosen to take a different normative route focusing on new rights (informational self-determination) and Internet-related concepts (net neutrality). Its starting point, however, is a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">locus classicus</em><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">: access. The Declaration underlines, in Art. 2, para. 1, that access to the Internet is a “fundamental right of all persons and a condition for their individual and social development”. This is in line with a broader trend on both the international and the European level away from the consideration of freedom of expression and privacy as</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">über</em><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-rights on the Internet and towards the realization that all human rights are interdependent, interrelated and mutually reinforcing – offline just as online.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, being able to access the Internet – and Internet content – is an essential condition for personal and social development, not only for the expression of one’s views. Threats to access are threats not only to freedom of expression, but rather to the whole gamut of human rights. Art. 2., para. 2, provides that all persons “shall have the same right to access the Internet on equal terms, using appropriate and up‐to‐date technologies that remove all economic and social barriers.” Though it is unclear to me whether it primarily technologies that remove social barriers. Isn’t it rather social barriers, such as poverty, that impede access to technologies?</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We need social change to ensure that digital divides to not continue to broaden – and, admittedly, technology can help in that. And more importantly, in the usage of technology, poverty or minority status or membership in a disadvantaged group must not impede access. This thought also carries Art. 3, para. 3, of the Declaration: “The fundamental right to Internet access must be ensured with respect to its substantive prerequisites, not only as the mere possibility of connecting to the Internet.” Access to the Internet and access to Internet content go hand in hand. The Italian Declration on Internet Rights is a helpful reminder."</span></blockquote>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Read the whole Declaration <u style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.camera.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/commissione_internet/testo_definitivo_inglese.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a></u>.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For more on the Italian Declaration, see Stefan Rodotà’s article<u style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.camera.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/attachments/upload_file/upload_files/000/000/194/Internet_Libe_inglese.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a></u>.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Disclaimer: I used to be Co-Chair of the Coalition and am now a Steering Committee member. I am also, with Wolfgang Benedek, co-translator of the <a href="http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/IRPC_booklet_29May2014_German.pdf">German translation</a> of the Charter.)</span>Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-53265356212693467382014-11-13T15:45:00.000+01:002014-11-13T15:45:37.880+01:00New Publication: The Common Interest in International Law<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I am excited to announce the publication a book I co-edited on the pursuance of common interest in international law. </span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><a href="http://www.intersentia.co.uk/SearchDetail.aspx?bookId=103066&authors=Wolfgang+Benedek+%28ed.%29,+Koen+De+Feyter+%28ed.%29,+Matthias+C.+Kettemann+%28ed.%29,+Christina+Voigt+%28ed.%29&title=The+Common+Interest+in+International+Law" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></a><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOuQPBoZ26YWsMwbU06XmgY2cqtK0V6alKMaeRz2kZzyMk2TS_uhiv-tUUGXJSPYQFpudu7o1t5m1B8x8_B71CZOuAi9lmvJbskeRrJqO31B19DyfJzSeA9_VMqW_oX85MyShrW32Nz0I/s1600/Common+Interest+(title).JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOuQPBoZ26YWsMwbU06XmgY2cqtK0V6alKMaeRz2kZzyMk2TS_uhiv-tUUGXJSPYQFpudu7o1t5m1B8x8_B71CZOuAi9lmvJbskeRrJqO31B19DyfJzSeA9_VMqW_oX85MyShrW32Nz0I/s320/Common+Interest+(title).JPG" /></a><span lang="EN-GB"></span> <a href="http://www.intersentia.co.uk/SearchDetail.aspx?bookId=103066&authors=Wolfgang+Benedek+%28ed.%29,+Koen+De+Feyter+%28ed.%29,+Matthias+C.+Kettemann+%28ed.%29,+Christina+Voigt+%28ed.%29&title=The+Common+Interest+in+International+Law" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Common Interest in International Law</a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wolfgang Benedek, Koen De Feyter, Matthias C. Kettemann and Christina Voigt (eds.) </span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /> <a href="http://www.intersentia.co.uk/Serie.aspx?serieCode=LCV&langId=2" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Law & Cosmopolitan Values</a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, volume 5</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span lang="EN-GB">ISBN 978-1-78068-271-6</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">xiv
+ 234 pp. | hardback</span></div>
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price: 61.20 euros</span></div>
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US dollars | 58 GB pounds</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
What lies in the common interest of the international community? How are
those common interests protected? What is the role of states and of the
international community? <i>The Common Interest in International Law</i>
provides answers to these key questions that international law is faced
with in times of globalization, humanization and climate change.<br />
<br />
This book looks at the protection of common interests and shows how
international law is progressively moving away from a system based on
territorial sovereignty to a system based on shared responsibilities
among states and other actors. The areas covered range from human rights
law, international environmental law and international security law to
international economic law and international litigation.<br />
<br />
The editors’ objective is to investigate whether and how
international law which historically is state-centric and consensual can
protect common interests of humanity, when such common interests can
only be safeguarded with the commitment and cooperation of all state and
non-state actors. The issue of collective interests is subject to
numerous current discourses in international law. This volume attempts
to tie these together to a new – or renewed – understanding of ‘common
interest’ reflective of contemporary challenges in international law.
The concept of ‘common interest’ suggests that more is at stake in
international law than the individual self-interests of states. Such
notion might hold the key to transforming international law away from
the dominance of sovereignty into a system which truly serves the
interest of the “community”, including all relevant actors.<br />
<br />
This book is essential reading for all scholars and practitioners of
international law. It aims at stimulating and defining the topic of the
protection of common interests by the international community across
geographical as much as disciplinary boundaries.<br />
</div>
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<a href="http://www.intersentia.co.uk/Files/Books/Inhoudstafel/9781780682716.pdf">Table of Contents</a></div>
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<i>‘This is an important and multi-faceted book on one of the most
urgent challenges of our time: the protection of our common interests.
The book provides a solid platform for further research in this area.’<br />
</i>Professor Geir Ulfstein, Director, Pluricourts - Center of
Excellence for the Study of the Legitimate Roles of the Judiciary in the
Global Order, University of Oslo<br />
<br />
<i>‘The Common Interest in International Law is a fascinating,
timely and innovative expert account of what common interests are, who
defines them and what are their legal implications. At the same time it
seeks to provide an answer to the fundamental and timeless question:
what is international law for?’</i><br />
Professor Katja Ziegler, Sir Robert Jennings Professor of
International Law, Director of the Centre of European Law and
Internationalisation (CELI), School of Law, University of Leicester<br />
<br />
<i>‘A carefully composed book, The Common Interest in International
Law, broaches a topic that is underrepresented in the scientific
discourse. As the world is getting smaller (more integrated), the number
of issues that need to be resolved in the common interest of the
international community continues to grow. The pursuance of common
interests has serious consequences. Their realization will necessitate
fundamental changes to the structure of international law and
international relations. This book convincingly analyzes this
evolution.’<br />
</i>em. Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Rüdiger Wolfrum, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg <span lang="EN-GB"> </span></div>
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-42555448894177385842014-06-26T14:12:00.000+02:002014-06-26T14:12:47.874+02:00Just published: European Yearbook on Human Rights 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUnV3V57LqhhhQaqEqEn9ixKqXqZk4H1MGDN3WEGRczElPgvfXAnay0DOyheoelJZ3IvM6OWJBmDxnr2riGy_eS0QCD18floZggQK5LVylYrav4X9jjFt78UhB-GXVHrKeGU_IaMbS9s8/s1600/Titelbild.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUnV3V57LqhhhQaqEqEn9ixKqXqZk4H1MGDN3WEGRczElPgvfXAnay0DOyheoelJZ3IvM6OWJBmDxnr2riGy_eS0QCD18floZggQK5LVylYrav4X9jjFt78UhB-GXVHrKeGU_IaMbS9s8/s1600/Titelbild.JPG" height="320" width="252" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">I'm thrilled to announce that the sixth edition of the European Yearbook on Human Rights 2014, which I have co-edited, has just been published. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">You can order it <a href="http://www.nwv.at/recht/verfassungsrecht/1077_european_yearbook_on_human_rights_2014/">here</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">It's been an exciting year for huaman rights. If 2012 was the year of furthering coherence in human rights protection, 2013 was the year of discussing new standards and their implementation in light of growing challenges to international and societal solidarity. This<br />survey of human rights in Europe and beyond identifies an increased tension in the protection of economic, social and cultural rights. Vulnerable groups – from migrants to children, from victims of human trafficking to victims of gender-based violence – have also moved squarely into the center of both the discourse and practice of human rights protection. This volume contextualizes these trends.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />Defining and discussing key developments in human rights, the sixth edition of the European Yearbook on Human Rights brings together more than 30 contributions by renowned human rights experts that provide a much needed overview and sought-after analysis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Edited jointly by representatives of four major European human rights research, teaching and training institutions, the Yearbook 2014 covers extensively political and legal developments in the field of the three main organizations charged with securing human rights in Europe: EU, Council of Europe and OSCE. A further chapter contains contributions on the role of civil society in human rights protection and on cross-cutting topics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The impressive array of authors – academics and diplomats, practioners and human rights experts – makes the book essential reading for anyone interested in human rights in Europe and beyond.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">And here's the table of contents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">I Topics of the Year </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Zdzislaw (Dzidek) KEDZIA<br />
Reinforcement of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Anita DANKA and Oliver PAHNECKE<br />
Digital Human Rights Defence: The Challenges and<br />
Opportunities of Using Social Media for Human Rights<br />
Documentation and Monitoring</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Lisa Maria HESCHL<br />
Lampedusa: The Lack of Solidarity and the Human Rights Crisis at the EU’s External Borders </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">II European Union</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Wolfgang BENEDEK<br />
EU Action on Human and Fundamental Rights in 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Theodor RATHGEBER<br />
A Human Rights Champion? The EU at the UN Human Rights<br />
Council in 2013 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Jarmo OIKARINEN<br />
Reform of the EU Human Rights Policy and the Challenge of Implementation </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Jean Paul JACQUÉ</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">La Cour de Justice de l’Union et l’application de la Charte dans les Etats membres : « Mehr Licht ? » </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Martina ALMHOFER and Johannes HARTLIEB<br />
Article 53 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU: Recent Developments </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Ulrike LUNACEK<br />
Furthering the Human Rights of LGBTI People: A View from<br />
within the European Parliament</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Eva Maria LASSEN<br />
EU Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Dimitri VANOVERBEKE and Michael REITERER<br />
ASEAN’s Regional Approach to Human Rights: The Limits of the European Model?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Alba BESCOS POU<br />
Data Protection vs. Security in the European Union</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Nora SCHEUCHER<br />
In the Best Interests of the Child? Towards a Common EU<br />
Approach to Migrant Minors in Detention </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Abraham Pieter VINGERLING<br />
The European Union and a Prohibition on Goods Produced by Child Labour and Forced Labour </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Davide ZARU<br />
EU External Assistance and the Prevention of Atrocity Crimes</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">David D’HOLLANDER, Axel MARX and Jan WOUTERS<br />
Integrating Human Rights in EU Development Cooperation<br />
Policy: Achievements and Challenges </span></div>
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<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Henning Bang Fuglsang Madsen SØRENSEN<br />
International and European Approaches to Extraterritorial Liability for
Violation of Fundamental Rights in International Criminal Law </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">III Council of Europe</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Brigitte OHMS and Elisabeth HANDL-PETZ<br />
The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in 2013: A Year of Breakthroughs </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Gregor HEISSL<br />
The EU’s Accession to the ECHR: Recent Developments and<br />
Remarks on the Relationship between the ECJ and the ECtHR </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Jan MALINOWSKI<br />
Monitoring Freedom of Expression in Council of Europe Member States: Only Desirable or also Unavoidable? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Agnieszka SZKLANNA<br />
The Council of Europe’s Position vis-à-vis the Proposal to Establish a “Rule of Law Mechanism” in the European Union</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Petra SMUTNY and Christian MANQUET<br />
CAHVIO – New Standards for the Protection Against Gender- Based and Domestic Violence</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Sara DE VIDO<br />
States’ Due Diligence Obligations to Protect Women from<br />
Violence: A European Perspective in Light of the 2011 CoE Istanbul Convention </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Martina KLEIN<br />
Not for Sale: Towards a Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">IV OSCE </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Christian STROHAL<br />
Closing the Implementation Gap: The OSCE and Added Value<br />
from Stronger Synergies Between Human Rights Organizations </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Maria ALCIDI<br />
Trial Monitoring: OSCE Methodologies</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Irina URUMOVA<br />
When “Economic” Means Much More: Researching the Nexus<br />
Between the Economic Recession and the Implementation of<br />
Civil and Political Rights</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Snježana BOKULIĆ </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The OSCE and Human Rights Defenders: A Longstanding and<br />
Contentious Relationship </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">V Cross-cutting Issues</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Jonathan BERNAERTS<br />
A Medical and Legal Analysis of Circumcision of Male Children</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Melanie Fiona OLIVER<br />
Can Women Trafficked for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation Claim
Asylum? Defining the Refugee Convention’s ‘Particular Social Group’ </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Clara RIGONI<br />
Humanizing Criminal Justice? Restorative Approaches under Fair Trial Scrutiny </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Óscar A. LEMA BOUZA<br />
Kin or Foe? Hungary’s Policy Towards Its Kin Minorities</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Gábor HALMAI<br />
An Illiberal Constitutional System in the Middle of Europe</span></div>
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-56393119374102310222014-06-25T06:09:00.001+02:002014-06-25T06:09:29.976+02:00The Internet Has a Constitution. Now Make it Work for All!<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipMKlb8Lv_8LEsGjbHD3RdtBOeUZxjTsz-Rzzk9wYkLMnlwL3aSRG6PnInxEUuhfNlBhJLaoSptGfqvsiaLbZ8eABBgun2fKJlWqtAZ413DGdN4Hr2fWO5asyF3wQTqA_dcoqIZXY733E/s1600/IMG_3661.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipMKlb8Lv_8LEsGjbHD3RdtBOeUZxjTsz-Rzzk9wYkLMnlwL3aSRG6PnInxEUuhfNlBhJLaoSptGfqvsiaLbZ8eABBgun2fKJlWqtAZ413DGdN4Hr2fWO5asyF3wQTqA_dcoqIZXY733E/s1600/IMG_3661.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The normative future of the Internet needs to be realized.<br />(c) Kettemann (2014)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Ideas on the normative future of Internet Governance</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We have no
agenda other than furthering the goal inscribed in each social order, globally,
nationally, locally: ensuring the centrality of the human being. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We speak with no
other authority than the one that allows us to speak truth to power – to make
the truth powerful. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The Internet has
constituted itself as a regulatory regime. It has given itself a normative
framework which we can call a Constitution: it has grown organically and is driven
by real needs not perceived wants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">No, there is no
single written document, no single formal Magna Charta, but shared commitments
encompassing processes and principles, drawing from the outcome documents of
WSIS, refined over the years, normatively developed, applied, misapplied and
rectified, discussed and questions, confirmed and reconfirmed, translated into
national law and regional legal instruments, turned into binding and
non-binding norms, used in courts and on the streets, as policy tools and as
shields in the fight for access for all and dignity for everyone. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">You may object to ther Constitution because you believe only states should have one, but hear me out. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">But we do not
need a single written document. A lot of states do not have one. We also need to change our conviction that 'constitutions' are a prerogative of states. Regimes, including emerging ones, are being constitutionalized - endowed with values and a finality - and the body of norms that they give themselves can have constitutional dimensions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We do not need to wait for a constitutional
moment. It probably will not come – and let us hope that it will not. We do not
need a moment of existential crisis to identify which norms matter online. We
already have ‘constitutional’ norms. We do not need to wait for the next big
thing. It is already here, even if we do not, or choose not to, realize it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The big thing –
the constitution of the Internet, the constitutional frame for Internet
Governance – exists. We have a body of norms, a normative order, confirmed
recently in the NetMundial Multistakeholder Statement, that is neither complete
nor perfect, that reflects diverging interests but that has one unyielding
advantage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">It exists. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Let us use these
norms, les us secure the freedoms they enshrine. Let us translate them into
practice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Those of you who
are still doubtful should ask themselves one question: Which norms tell us how to
legitimately exercise public authority in international settings? International
legal norms and national public law, to systems which are interlinked and
mutually enforcing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Current Internet
Governance institutions, especially those that exercise substantial authority, are
not yet sufficiently legitimized. This is a problem, but one that the
progressive constitutionalization of the Internet can effectively counter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The processes
and principles of Internet Governance, as developed in international multistakeholder
practice over the last decade, have hardened into a body of norms and normative
expectations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The actors and
the normative processes of Internet governance together have constituted themselves
as a regulatory regime. There is no going back. After constitution came constitutionalization.
We are there. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">True: Some
important aspects of Internet Governance – access, copyright, intermediary
liability – have not or not sufficiently been treated of late. But this is to
be expected. Read the US Constitution and see what it says about 21<sup>st</sup>
century problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The Internet’s
constitution is neither static nor closed. The process of testing principles
and processes against the demands of stakeholders and the realities of the
Internet is a dynamic one. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The intrinsic
rationality of the regime and its norms must be respected. But we need to do
more. After NetMundial, normative silence is wrong. Let us not wait.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We need to build
on the momentum developed at and in the wake of NetMundial and support the process
of solidifying the normative edifice underlying Internet Governance. We have to
contribute to the further constitutionalization of Internet Governance locally,
regionally and globally. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We need to build
on the NetMundial commitments. They are an important normative baseline which
we need to translate into our own political and judicial systems and make
relevant for our daily lives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">As a entrepreneur,
you should respect the rights of your customers and innovate in light of the
centrality of the human being. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">As a member of
the technological community, you need to make code help the law secure human
dignity. The age of binarity – code or law – is over. The time for positive
synthesis has come. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">As a member of
the academic community, you need to translate the normative commitments
contained in the regulatory structure of the Internet into your local language
and your local socio-political systems. Tell your students, write papers, give
talks, talk to the media. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">As a politician,
you need to make parliament pass laws that enshrine the values of the
Internet’s constitution. Do so, and do so quickly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">As a lawyer, it
is your responsibility to advise clients about their rights, to ensure that
they can actualize them in Internet-based settings. You are the interpreter of
their needs and you need to know what rights they have. Do not be afraid to
speak truth to power. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">As a
citizen, you need to get active, be creative, argue and fight for Internet
freedom, take part in online demonstrations, join international civil society
groups. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">As
representatives of an international organization, you have a special epistemic
power over states that you can use as a force for good. Make states see the
advantages of aligning themselves with the constitutional values of the
Internet regime and develop templates, such as model laws, that states can
adopt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We need to keep
the normative momentum flowing. We need to keep states, companies, civil
society on its toes. Laws and practices that go against the constitution of the
Internet Governance regime or its spirit need to be aggressively and loudly
criticized. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">This is how
constitutional progress happens. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We need to
localize and regionalize Internet Governance, we need to keep the process of
substantializing the norms of Internet Governance alive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We cannot wait
for reports, expert groups, heads of state or other actors to show initiatives,
or merely hope that the normative energy of NetMundial will not dissipate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">It may. But it
must not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Constitutionalization
limits the exercise of power and, internationally, develops legitimacy matrices
for the exercise of authority by non-state actors and in international
constellations. This is what the debate about Internet Governance is all about
– power and legitimacy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Power online
must only be exercised legitimately. Legitimacy of norms, at its core, means
that those who are impacted by it have some say in its making. This is what
lies at the basis of multistakeholderism. It is imperfect but each iteration
brings it closer, and each new user, each new company, each new state that
chooses to engage with multistakeholder processes makes them more
legitimate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We do not need
to reinvent the wheel. The wagon of Internet Governance already has them: the
principles and processes developed over time and in practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">We need to
ensure that the wheels keeps turning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">The speed is not
so important, the direction is. And the direction is clear: the protection of
the individual through the development of a people-centred, human
rights-sensitive development-oriented information society in which power is
exercised legitimately. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Join us. Fight
for the Internet’s Constitution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Keep the
momentum flowing. Apply the norms and you strengthen them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">Choose to engage
and iteratively increase the legitimacy of the Internet’s norms and structure,
its principles and processes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: DE;">It’s your
Internet. It’s our Internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-79439766238552404882014-05-14T14:11:00.000+02:002014-05-14T14:11:05.291+02:00Der EuGH, Google und das Vergessen: Was sagt das Urteil wirklich? <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<div class="c02alineaalta" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Ich habe auf <a href="http://www.juwiss.de/64-2014/">juwiss.de</a>
das EuGH-<a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf;jsessionid=9ea7d0f130d5c932ea15eb5542519a6e9f1bd7d96d3c.e34KaxiLc3eQc40LaxqMbN4OaNmNe0?text=&docid=152065&pageIndex=0&doclang=DE&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=247184">Urteil</a>
im Fall Rs C-131/12, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Google Spain SL und Google Inc. gegen Agencia
Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) und Mario Costeja González </span>besprochen. </div>
<div class="c02alineaalta" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="c02alineaalta" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Hier nun eine ausführlichere Version meines dortigen Blogbeitrags mit einigen
einleitenden Kommentaren und etwas Kontext zur Rolle von Google. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ja: Das Google-Urteil des EuGH ist heute in aller Munde. Markus
Beckenndahl </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://netzpolitik.org/2014/eugh-vergessen-im-netz-muss-moeglich-sein-und-google-muss-sich-an-eu-datenschutzrecht-halten/" target="_blank"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">ist eher positiv
gestimmt,</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;"> während Udo Vetter die Gefahr </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.lawblog.de/index.php/archives/2014/05/13/recht-auf-vergessen/" target="_blank"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">sieht</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">,</span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;"> dass Suchmaschinen noch
„weniger die Wirklichkeit“ abbilden als heute. Thomas Stadler setzt das Urteil mit
den Netzsperren </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.internet-law.de/2014/05/wer-gegen-netzsperren-ist-muss-auch-das-eugh-urteil-zu-loeschpflichten-von-google-ablehnen.html" target="_blank"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">gleich</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;"> und sieht einen „gefährlichen Paradigmenwechsel“. Die Politik hingegen –
so <a href="http://www.fr-online.de/digital/eugh-urteil-gegen-google-eugh-staerkt--recht-auf-vergessen-,1472406,27111680.html">Bundejustizminister</a>
Heiko Maas, der gründe EP-Abgeordnete und Datenschutzvorkämpfer <a href="http://www.janalbrecht.eu/presse/pressemitteilungen/eugh-urteil-suchmaschinen-muessen-datenschutzrecht-einhalten.html">Jan
Philipp Albrecht</a> und <a href="http://www.eaid-berlin.de/?cat=8">Peter
Schaar</a>, der ehemalige <span class="st">Bundesbeauftragter für den Datenschutz
und die Informationsfreiheit </span>–<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ist
erfreut. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Urteil in aller
Munde</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Besonders glücklich sind die „<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">konservativen Google-Kritiker in den Zeitungen“, wie der Perlentaucher </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>leicht süffisant <a href="http://www.perlentaucher.de/9punkt/2014-05-14.html">schreibt</a>, die
eigentlich „ihre eigene <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">gerichtlich
verfügte Irrelevanz“ bejubeln. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Die Welt </i></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.welt.de/print/welt_kompakt/article127973336/Big-Law-fuer-Big-Data.html" target="_blank"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">spricht</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;"> von einem Schritt zur „<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rückeroberung
des Cyberspace</span> für den Internetbenutzer". </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Andererseits hat die <a href="http://www.spiegel.de/spam/satire-bei-spiegel-online-mario-costeja-gonzalez-vs-google-a-969288.html" target="_blank">Satire-Seite des Spiegels</a> durchaus Recht: Die weltweite Berichterstattung über den Kläger garantiert, dass nun jeder weiß, dass er einmal gefpändet wurde. In der digitalen Zeit sind die Michael Kohlhaases unserer Zeit sicher im Nachteil. </span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Diese Dimension sehen die Zeitungen aber heute nicht. In der FAZ <a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/eugh-urteil-die-welt-ist-keine-google-12937819.html">titelt</a>
Reinhard Müller, dass die Welt „keine Google“ sei und kopiert eine Wendung von Google-Kritiker
Gerald Reischl aus einem vor sechs Jahren erschienen <a href="http://futurezone.at/meinung/nicht-google-europa-ist-das-problem/64.140.363">Buch</a>.
Müller schreibt siegesbewusst, dass Google – „der Riese“ – „getroffen“ sei. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Triumphtöne <a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/eugh-urteil-die-welt-ist-keine-google-12937819.html">kling</a>en
an, wenn er fortfahrt:</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">„Der mächtigste Konzern der Welt ist einer Macht
unterlegen, die keine Truppen hat. Der Europäische Gerichtshof setzt den Bürger
in den Mittelpunkt und dem Internetsuchdienst Google Grenzen.“</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Er schreibt auch, dass „[j]eder Betroffene hat einen
Anspruch gegen Google auf Löschung sensibler Daten.“ Dies ist zu unscharf. Der
Anspruch bezieht sich nur auf bestimmte Daten und nur auf die Ergebnisliste.
Ebenfalls inexakt ist Mathias Müller von Blumencron, wenn er <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ebenfalls in der FAZ <a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/unternehmen/eugh-urteil-ueber-google-recht-auf-vergessen-im-netz-12937165.html">schreibt</a>,
dass es nun „doch ein Recht auf Vergessen werden im Internet“ gibt. Nein: das
gibt es nicht. </span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gleich daher an dieser Stelle: </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Wenn Informationen „in Anbetracht
aller Umstände des Einzelfalls“ nicht mehr zweckerheblich verarbeitet werden, müssen
„die betreffenden Informationen und Links [aus] der Ergebnisliste gelöscht
werden“ (Abs. 94). Dieses Recht des Einzelnen ist <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>abzuwägen gegenüber den wirtschaftlichen
Interesse des Suchmaschinenbetreibers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">und</i>
„dem Interesse der breiten Öffentlichkeit daran, die Information bei einer
anhand des Namens der betroffenen Person durchgeführten Suche zu finden“, wobei
solch eine Situation aber die Ausnahme sein werde, da „besondere[] Gründe[]“,
wie <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>die „Rolle der betreffenden Person
im öffentlichen Leben“<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vorliegen
müssten, die den Schluss zulassen, dass ein Eingriff in die Grundrechte dieser
Person durch ein überwiegendes Interesse der Öffentlichkeit an ihr gerechtfertigt
sei (Abs. 97).</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Die konkreten
Auswirkungen des Urteils sind naturgemäß unklar. Ein Indiz dafür, dass sich
nicht viel ändern wird, könnte die Tatsache sein, dass es nach dem
Autocomplete-Urteil des BGH keine Klagswelle gegen Google gegeben habe, wie die
FAZ einen Anwalt <a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/netzwirtschaft/google-urteil-welche-daten-internetnutzer-loeschen-lassen-koennen-12937629.html">zitiert</a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Anlass zum Google-Bashing?</span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Das große
mediale Echo des Urteils versteht man vor dem Hintergrund der in den letzten
Wochen geführten Debatte um die Rolle von Google</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Nachdem
Mathias Döpfner in Feuilleton der FAZ in Reaktion auf ein Selbstlob </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/eric-schmidt-ueber-das-gute-an-google-die-chancen-des-wachstums-12887813.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Eric Schmidt</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">s </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">leicht larmoyant </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/mathias-doepfner-warum-wir-google-fuerchten-12897463.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">nach</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;"> staatlicher Regulierung rief, </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">begann eine doch bemerkenswerte
Diskussion um die Rolle von Google in der Informationsgesellschaft. Überschriften
wie </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/weltmacht-google-ist-gefahr-fuer-die-gesellschaft-12877120.html" target="_blank"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">„Angst vor Google</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">“, <a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/04/03/google-ou-la-route-de-la-servitude_4395186_3234.html?xtmc=google&xtcr=16" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">„ </span>Google ou<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>la route de la
servitude“, </a>„</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/mathias-doepfner-warum-wir-google-fuerchten-12897463.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Warum wir Google fürchten</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">” , „</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/die-google-gefahr-zuboff-antwortet-doepfner-12916606.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Die Google-Gefahr</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">“, „<a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/the-digital-debate/shoshanna-zuboff-dark-google-12916679.html">Dark
Google</a>“ schafften ein Klima, in dem nur schwer sachlich argumentiert werden
konnte.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/the-digital-debate/shoshanna-zuboff-dark-google-12916679.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Harvard-Professorin</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Shoshana Zuboff etwa warf Google neo-absolutistische
Machtfülle vor und schrieb „[o]ur demands for self-determination are not easily
extinguished. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">We made Google, perhaps by loving
it too much.” </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Zu viel Liebe für
Google kann man dem Feuilleton zur Zeit nicht vorwerfen. Besser aber als grundsätzliche
Kritik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sind Diskussionen über </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://networkcultures.org/wpmu/portal/publication/society-of-the-query-reader-reflections-on-web-search/"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Alternativentwürfe</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">, wie einen </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://irights.info/warum-wir-einen-freien-web-index-brauchen"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">freien Web-Index</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Was sagt das Urteil wirklich?</span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Große Kammer
des EuGH hat mit </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf;jsessionid=9ea7d0f130d5c932ea15eb5542519a6e9f1bd7d96d3c.e34KaxiLc3eQc40LaxqMbN4OaNmNe0?text=&docid=152065&pageIndex=0&doclang=DE&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=247184"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Urteil</span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;"> vom 13.5.2014 zu Rs C-131/12, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Google
Spain und Google</i>, die Rechte von Bürgern im Internetzeitalter maßgeblich
gestärkt. In einem 2012 von der spanischen Audiencia Nacional initiierten
Vorabentscheidungsverfahren zur Auslegung von Art. 2 Datenschutzrichtlinie (RL
95/64) und den Grundrechten auf Datenschutz und Achtung der Privatsphäre wies
der EuGH Google an, erforderlichen Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um bestimmte
personenbezogene Daten aus dem Index der Suchmaschine zu entfernen und den „Zugang
zu diesen Daten in Zukunft zu verhindern“ (Abs. 2).</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mario Costeja
González hatte vor der AEPD Beschwerde gegen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Vanguardia</i>, eine katalonische Zeitung, Google Spain und Google
Inc. erhoben, da eine Google-Suche nach seinem Namen (‚Namenssuche‘) zu Links
auf zwei Artikel aus der Zeitung vom 19.1. und 9.3.1998 führt, in denen unter
Nennung seines Namens auf die Zwangsversteigerung eines Grundstücks hingewiesen
wird. Die Audiencia Nacional, vor der das Verfahren landete, ersuchte den EuGH
um Klärung der Verpflichtungen von Suchmaschinenbetreibern hinsichtlich des
Schutzes personenbezogener Daten im Lichte von GRC und DatenschutzRL und der
Tragweite des „Rechts auf Vergessenwerden“.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Erhebliche Gefahr für Grundrechte</span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Zunächst wies
der EuGH Googles Argument zu Art. 2 (b) RL 95/46 zurück, dass
Suchmaschinen keine Daten verarbeiteten, da sie nicht zwischen personenbezogenen
Daten und anderen Informationen unterschieden (Abs. 22). Der
Suchmaschinenbetreiber sei auch „für die Verarbeitung Verantwortlicher“ iSd
Art. 2 (d) RL 95/64<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Abs. 33), zumal
Suchmaschinen „maßgeblichen Anteil an der weltweiten Verbreitung
personenbezogener Daten“ hätten. Ohne sie würden nach bestimmten Namen Suchende
diese Informationen nicht finden (Abs 36). Dies gefährde Grundrechte
„erheblich“; und deshalb hätten Suchmaschinenbetreiber in ihrem
„Verantwortungsbereich im Rahmen [ihrer] Befugnisse und Möglichkeiten“<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dafür zu sorgen, dass grundrechtliche
Garantien ihre volle Wirksamkeit entfalten können (Abs. 38).</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hinsichtlich
der räumlichen Anwendbarkeit der RL betonte der EuGH, dass der
Unionsgesetzgeber aus Schutzgründen einen besonders „weiten räumlichen
Anwendungsbereich“ vorgesehen habe (Abs.54) und daher Verarbeitungen von
personenbezogener Daten „im Rahmen der Tätigkeiten“ einer Niederlassung nicht
dadurch ausgeschlossen werden können, dass die Verarbeitung selbst außerhalb
des Territoriums (etwa in den USA) durchgeführt werde. Es reiche aus, wenn der Suchmaschinenbetreiber
aus wirtschaftlichen Erwägungen eine Zweigniederlassung oder
Tochtergesellschaft gegründet habe, „ deren Tätigkeit auf die Einwohner dieses
Staates ausgerichtet“ sei; wo die konkrete Verarbeitung der Suchanfrage
stattfinde, könne dahingestellt bleiben.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Link-Löschpflicht für Google</span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Die zentrale Kontroverse <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lag
allerdings im Umfang der Verantwortlichkeit des Suchmaschinenbetreibers nach
der Richtlinie 95/46, insbesondere in der Frage, </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">ob Suchmaschinenbetreiber dazu
verpflichtet werden können, Links zu Webseiten Dritter mit Informationen zu
einer bestimmten Person zu entfernen, auch wenn Name und Informationen auf
dieser Webseite nicht vorher oder gleichzeitig gelöscht würden und wenn ihre
Veröffentlichung auf den Internetseiten des Dritten als solche rechtmäßig sei
(Abs. 62). Google war dagegen der Ansicht, dass der
Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz gebiete, dass Löschungsanträge an den Herausgeber
der betreffenden Website<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>zu richten
seien (Abs. 63). Diesem Ansatz folgte der EuGH nicht.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Detail am
Rande: Als einzige Regierung vertrat die österreichische die Auffassung, dass
Löschungsanordnungen an Suchmaschinen nur möglich seien, wenn die betreffenden
Daten „rechtswidrig oder unzutreffend seien“ oder schon von der ursprünglichen
Website gelöscht wurden (Abs. 64)).</span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Der EuGH
betont, dass die RL 95/64 im Lichte der Grundrechte auszulegen sei und
insbesondere Art. 7 (Recht auf Achtung des Privatlebens) und Art. 8 GRC
(Recht auf Schutz der personenbezogenen Daten) zu beachten seien (Abs. 68f).
Die durch Suchmaschinenanbieter ausgeführte Verarbeitung persönlicher Daten
könne die Grundrechte auf Privatsphäre und Datenschutz „erheblich
beeinträchtigen“, da Namenssuchen einen „strukturierten Überblick“ über
Informationen zu dieser Person ermöglichen. Außerdem verleihe die
gesellschaftliche Funktion des Internets den Suchergebnissen Ubiquität<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Abs. 80). </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Gesucht: Angemessener Interessensausgleich </span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Allerdings sei
ein angemessener Ausgleich zwischen dem „berechtigte[n] Interesse von
potenziell am Zugang zu der Information interessierten Internetnutzern“ und den
Grundrechten der betroffenen Person aus den Art. 7 und 8 der Charta zu
finden. „[I]m Allgemeinen“ würde dieser Ausgleich zugunsten der gesuchten
Person ausgehen, in „besonders gelagerten Fällen“ könne er aber „u.a. je nach
der Rolle, die die Person im öffentlichen Leben spielt“ variieren (Abs. 81). </span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt;">Das Fazit des
EuGH daher: Suchmaschinenbetreiber könnten von Datenschutzbehörden angewiesen
werden, aus der Ergebnisliste von Namenssuchen Links zu Seiten von Dritten mit
Informationen über diese Person zu entfernen (Abs. 82, 88).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ein Recht auf
Vergessenwerden?</b></div>
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Hinsichtlich des Rechts auf Vergessenwerden verweist der
EuGH darauf, dass die rechtmäßige Verarbeitung sachlich richtiger Daten durch
Zeitablauf unrechtmäßig werden könne, wenn der Zweck wegfalle oder in
Anbetracht der verstrichenen Zeit die Erheblichkeit der Daten für den
Ursprungszweck sinke (Abs. 93). </div>
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Hier sei eine Einzelfallprüfung vorzunehmen: Wenn die Informationen
„in Anbetracht aller Umstände des Einzelfalls“ nicht mehr zweckerheblich
verarbeitet wird, müssen „die betreffenden Informationen und Links der
Ergebnisliste gelöscht werden“ (Abs. 94). Dies sei ein Recht der betroffenen
Person, wobei ein Schadensnachweis nicht nötig sei (Abs. 96).</div>
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Verabsolutiert dürfe das Recht nicht werden: Es sei
abzuwägen gegenüber den wirtschaftlichen Interesse des Suchmaschinenbetreibers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">und</i> „dem Interesse der breiten
Öffentlichkeit daran, die Information bei einer anhand des Namens der
betroffenen Person durchgeführten Suche zu finden“. Solch eine Situation werde
aber die Ausnahme sein, denn der EuGH verlangt „besondere[] Gründe[]“, wie <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>die „Rolle der betreffenden Person im öffentlichen
Leben“ , die den Schluss zulassen, dass ein Eingriff in die Grundrechte dieser
Person durch ein überwiegendes Interesse der Öffentlichkeit an ihr gerechtfertigt
sei (Abs. 97).</div>
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Im Anlassfall sei die die Information sensibel, die
Veröffentlicht liege 16 Jahre zurück und keine besonderen Gründen lägen vor,
die ein überwiegendes Interesse der Öffentlichkeit rechtfertigten (Abs. 98).
Daher müsse Google den Link löschen.</div>
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Überraschende Wende</div>
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Dieses Ergebnis überraschte auch, weil noch die <a href="http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=138782&pageIndex=0&doclang=DE&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=251765"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Schlussanträge</span></a> des
Generanwalts Niilo Jääskinen vom 25.6.2013 zu einem gegenteiligen Ergebnis gekommen
waren. Er wies ein allgemeines Recht auf Vergessenwerden mit starken Worten
(„kämer einer Geschichtsverfälschung gleich“) zurück (Abs. 108 und 129).
Vielmehr habe der Internetnutzer ein Recht auf Zugang zu dieser Information:
Dieser „mache <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">aktiv von seinem Recht
auf Empfang von Informationen über die betroffene Person aus öffentlichen
Quellen Gebrauch“ (Abs. 130). Auch </span>der <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Internetsuchmaschinen-Diensteanbieter mache Gebrauch
von seiner unternehmerischen Freiheit und von der Freiheit der Meinungsäußerung
(Abs. 132). Einem Recht auf Vergessenwerden, so GA Jääskinen, würden
entscheidende Rechte wie die Freiheit der Meinungsäußerung und die
Informationsfreiheit geopfert. </div>
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<div class="c19centre" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Grundrechtliche
Geschichtsmassage</b></div>
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In der Tat stellt die Kollision verschiedener
Grundrechtspositionen hinsichtlich Zugang zu Informationen gerade im Internet eine
Herausforderung dar. Die Konstruktion historischer Wahrheiten auf Grundlage
einer gesellschaftlichen und privaten Selektion aus dem eines Speichers der
Erinnerungen verlangt zumindest einmal einen einigermaßen unverfälschten
Speicher.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wie sonst sich kollektive Positionieren
in Zeit, Raum und Kultur? Allerdings übersieht GA Jääskinen, dass ja nicht
Geschichts<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fälschung</i> betrieben wird.
Auch weiterhin kann jeder Interessierte im <a href="http://www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/index.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Archiv</span></a> von <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Vanguardia </i>sämtliche
Zeitungsseiten bis ins 19. Jahrhundert konsultieren. Die Löschung des Links
bedeutet bloß, dass die Verknüpfung zum Namen nicht mehr so leicht fällt. Dies
entspricht durchaus der sozialisierenden Funktion des Vergessens, die ja auch
teils <a href="http://www.jusline.at/113_Vorwurf_einer_schon_abgetanen_gerichtlich_strafbaren_Handlung_StGB.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">strafrechtlich</span></a> bewehrt ist. </div>
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<div class="c19centre" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
Die Entscheidung des EuGH, die im Ergebnis stimmig ist
und der gerade in Hinblick auf die wachsende Bedeutung des Grundrechtsschutz im
Internet zuzustimmen ist, verbleibt teilweise kryptisch. Der Kritierienkatalog
für Gegenausnahmen von der Löschpflicht – „u.a. je nach der Rolle, die die
Person im öffentlichen Leben spielt“ – verbleibt sehr schemenhaft. Man vermisst
auch klare Äußerungen zur grundrechtlichen Position der Interdiensteanbieter,
die zuletzt vom EGMR in <a href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-126635"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Delfi</span></a> unter
Beschuss genommen wurden. </div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQvlGgMVp4pwQslargM92SWQBYUmcCnNvSOeg_CIPBaNAVH3ilbMHnMsKVsPCQqgnLS8Uc_yE4B00RDTyc50wFDRk9MQqrzryq3Z_SX5am7yb3XWAVAY1lDc2Hrb_Pk0kBUOZdidwBCA/s1600/Namenssuche+MCG+-+13.5.2014%252C+15.30+zu+Kettemann%252C+Google.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQvlGgMVp4pwQslargM92SWQBYUmcCnNvSOeg_CIPBaNAVH3ilbMHnMsKVsPCQqgnLS8Uc_yE4B00RDTyc50wFDRk9MQqrzryq3Z_SX5am7yb3XWAVAY1lDc2Hrb_Pk0kBUOZdidwBCA/s1600/Namenssuche+MCG+-+13.5.2014%252C+15.30+zu+Kettemann%252C+Google.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Screenshot der Namenssuche: 13.5., 15:30 Uhr</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
Der Internetrechtler <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/13/omission-of-search-results-no-right-to-be-forgotten" target="_blank">Viktor Mayer-Schönberger</a> argumentiert
in <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Delete-The-Virtue-Forgetting-Digital/dp/0691150362"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Delete</span></i></a>, dass Informationen im Internet nach einer Zeit gelöscht
werden sollten, um Vergessen zu simulieren. Mit der Löschpflicht für Links hat
der EuGH dem Konzept der „expiration dates for information“ eine
grundrechtssensiblere Alternative zur Seite gestellt. Nur die Zeit wird zeigen,
ob das Urteil als Einfallstor für „Geschichtsmassage“ missbraucht wird und ob
auch Unternehmen beginnen werden, mithilfe des EuGH ihr Auftreten in Google zu
optimieren. Bei Löschansprüchen für schlechte Reviews von Restaurants zB wird
aber wohl regelmäßig das öffentliche Interesse dominieren.</div>
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<div class="c19centre" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
Ganz so schnell arbeitet Google übrigens nicht. Am 13.5., um 15:30
Uhr lieferte eine <a href="https://www.google.de/search?q=Vanguardia+%22mario+costeja+gonzalez%22+1998&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:de:official&client=firefox-a&gfe_rd=cr&ei=Gh5yU-zBMqHe8gfR-4DADQ#newwindow=1&q=%22mario+costeja+gonzalez%22&rls=org.mozilla:de:official"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Namenssuche</span></a> nach „Mario
Costeja Gonzalez“ über Google Search den Link auf die <a href="http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1998/01/19/pagina-23/33842001/pdf.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">inkriminierte Seite</span></a> im <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Vanguardia </i>Archiv immer noch als
dritten Treffer.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="c19centre" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
Aber eines wird Herrn Costeja freuen: Der erste Treffer
ist nunmehr das Urteil, das ihm Recht gibt. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="c19centre" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
Nachtrag: Auch am 14.5., 12:00 Uhr, ist der Link noch zu sehen. Diesmal als vierter Treffer: </div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhevM1Gh6TO2C5-P5VSk7rP2IMxd_bv2_JJtpnTucnvg8SBMvRDCJ1BniQ119E2cz_LVGtyRQefVOVZfoOxrDq50fi-MSULSqHBiXWhHtKRG_ltJ4U6DyztVfBVEw6wlM9BSJ_2Osp4P4/s1600/Namenssuche+MCG+-+14.5.2014%252C+12.06+zu+Kettemann%252C+Google.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhevM1Gh6TO2C5-P5VSk7rP2IMxd_bv2_JJtpnTucnvg8SBMvRDCJ1BniQ119E2cz_LVGtyRQefVOVZfoOxrDq50fi-MSULSqHBiXWhHtKRG_ltJ4U6DyztVfBVEw6wlM9BSJ_2Osp4P4/s1600/Namenssuche+MCG+-+14.5.2014%252C+12.06+zu+Kettemann%252C+Google.JPG" height="319" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Screenshot der Namenssuche: 14.5., 12.05 Uhr</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</div>
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-75410953923772671032014-05-12T20:28:00.000+02:002014-05-12T20:28:00.053+02:00Internetvölkerrecht: Heiß umfehdet, wild umstritten<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV08Okq03DjX8JkcMbwU9KJa4oH0Ib4pW2SVpOIUGbCWxjAmaqx_i5Hywt2HLlOU93LQtCQl-ct-07Q9l8NJ3QaJke-CV0BhJOPMl9EMDR4AQqEcWYIrgHGE4P07VBdI7Di2Uov5O0nJc/s1600/voelkerrechtsblog.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV08Okq03DjX8JkcMbwU9KJa4oH0Ib4pW2SVpOIUGbCWxjAmaqx_i5Hywt2HLlOU93LQtCQl-ct-07Q9l8NJ3QaJke-CV0BhJOPMl9EMDR4AQqEcWYIrgHGE4P07VBdI7Di2Uov5O0nJc/s1600/voelkerrechtsblog.JPG" height="110" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Der neue Blog für junge Völkerrechtsinteressierte</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
Was <a href="http://www.ejiltalk.org/" target="_blank">EJIL:</a><i><a href="http://www.ejiltalk.org/" target="_blank">Talk!</a> </i>für englischsprachige VölkerrechtlerInnen, <a href="https://www.juwiss.de/" target="_blank">JuWiss</a> für das öffentliche Recht, der <a href="http://www.theorieblog.de/" target="_blank">theorieblog</a> für die Rechtstheorie und Markus Beckendahls <a href="http://netzpolitik.org/">netzpolitik.org</a> für Internetpolitik, ist nun der <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/" target="_blank">Völkerrechtsblog</a> für die jungen Völkerrechtsinteressierten.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
Das engagierte Team aus Heidelberg eröffnet mit einem Symposion in rascher Folge veröffentlichter Beiträge zum zentralen Thema "Zukunft des Völkerrechts". Wie Dana Schmalz und Michael Riegner vom Redaktionsteam <a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2014/04/29/volkerrecht-2-0-es-ist-angerichtet-2/" target="_blank">schreiben</a>, </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
"Anhand konkreter Streitfragen
diskutieren NachwuchswissenschaftlerInnen inhaltliche, methodische und
transdisziplinäre Aspekte der Zukunft des Völkerrechts und seiner
Wissenschaft in ihrem spezifischen Forschungsgebiet. Wie wird sich das
Völkerrecht im jeweiligen Forschungsfeld in den nächsten 30 Jahren
verändern? Wie wandeln sich Völkerrechtssubjekte, Streitbeilegung,
internationale Institutionen? Wie die Nord-Süd-Beziehungen, wie das
Verhältnis von Geschlecht und Recht? Wie beeinflussen technologische
Entwicklungen das Völkerrecht und die Kommunikation über Völkerrecht?
Welche Methoden werden kommen und gehen?" </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
Eröffnet wurde der Blog mit einer Diskussion zum Internetvölkerrecht. Auf meine Proposition antwortete Michael Riegner; und ein Rejoinder von mir schloss sich an, der aber nicht darauf abzielte, die Debatte um die Rolle von Völkerrecht in der Regulierung des Internets zu beschließen - denn für diese ist die Zeit reif.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
Sämtliche Beiträge sind auf dem Völkerrechtsblog nachzulesen:</div>
<ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<li>
<a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2014/05/02/grotius-goes-google/">[Proposition] Kettemann, Grotius goes Google</a>
<span class="post-date">vom 2. Mai 2014</span></li>
<li>
<a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2014/05/05/grotius-has-a-long-way-to-go/">[Antwort] Riegner, Grotius has a long way to go</a>
vom <span class="post-date">5. Mai 2014</span>
</li>
<li><span class="post-date">[Rejoinder] Kettemann, </span><a href="http://voelkerrechtsblog.com/2014/05/09/rejoinder-die-berichte-uber-den-tod-des-internetvolkerrechts-sind-stark-ubertrieben/">Die Berichte über den Tod des Internetvölkerrechts sind stark übertrieben</a>
<span class="post-date">vom 9. Mai 2014</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span class="post-date">Für die Website habe ich meinen Rejoinder gekürzt, mit Erlaubnis des Völkerrechtsblogs (zweit)veröffentliche ich hier eine Langfassung: </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Die Berichte über den Tod des
Internetvölkerrechts sind stark übertrieben: Eine Antwort auf Michael Riegner</span></b></div>
<h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
Von Matthias
C. Kettemann</h3>
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<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ich begrüße die
Möglichkeit, über meinen „Glauben an [die] Gestaltungskraft und [das]
Gerechtigkeitspotenzial des Völkerrechts“ zu diskutieren, darf aber gleich
darauf hinweisen, dass bestimmte Festlegungen nötig sind, um nicht in infinite Regresse
abzugleiten. Schwierig wird es, wenn selbst das Gerechtigkeits<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">potenzial</i> der völkerrechtlichen Ordnung
in Abrede gestellt wird. Warum noch über die konkrete Ausgestaltung des
Völkerrechts reden, wenn die normativ eingehegte Ordnung ohnedies nicht gerecht
sein kann – da sie „hegemonial“ beeinflusst ist. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie4ivbVV-7VvoZh7IjdsqBRq2og6jJf8vQoMqbPF21JCkiHn1e9osC8mnrxpgLvFkjgMJAtvgzzyGgmLelhXKKTIkPCM8762p1OTLMTTUkPy1cVVdO6sqRAezIoVmeCz6KWEShbcPTSj8/s1600/2014-02-21+14.42.38.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie4ivbVV-7VvoZh7IjdsqBRq2og6jJf8vQoMqbPF21JCkiHn1e9osC8mnrxpgLvFkjgMJAtvgzzyGgmLelhXKKTIkPCM8762p1OTLMTTUkPy1cVVdO6sqRAezIoVmeCz6KWEShbcPTSj8/s1600/2014-02-21+14.42.38.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE">Das erinnert dann
doch stark an staatskritische Ansätze, die dem Recht die Legitimation
absprechen (und es als vermachtet sehen), weil es das Recht der Mächtigen (die
Macht haben) ist. Aber Recht ist nicht (nur) Macht, wie ich </span><a href="http://www.jan-sramek-verlag.at/Buchdetails.455.0.html?buchID=139&cHash=e856a8a762"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">hier</span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> gezeigt habe: das Völkerrecht ist eben keine Machtordnung,
sondern eine (imperfekte) Rechtsordnung – und eine Rechtsordnung aus
Notwendigkeit. Wer überall nur Macht und Vermachtung sieht (im Recht, in den
Praktiken, in der Sprache …) und nicht auch normative Ordnung(en), verkennt die
faktische Kraft des Normativen und fällt in kognititionspsychologischer
Betrachtung Verfügbarkeitsheuristiken zum Opfer. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">(Man liest zur
Zeit häufig: „Das Völkerrecht ist zahnlos. Es hindert Putin ja nicht, die Krim
zu annektieren“. Wie verfehlt die Grundannahme hinter dieser Aussage ist, zeigt
eine nationale ‚Übersetzung‘ aus eigener leidvoller Erfahrung: „Das
österreichische Recht ist zahnlos. Ein Dieb hat mein Rad geklaut.“ Der Dieb
weiß, dass er das Recht bricht. Er stiehlt, um sein Eigentum zu mehren. Er hat
besonders Interesse an einer Eigentumsordnung, die das Recht stabilisiert.
Interessengeleitetes Handeln (im Einzelfall) und regelgeleitetes Handeln (im
Grundsatz) müssen sich nicht widersprechen.) </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Völkerrecht und
dessen Grundsätze können und sollen diskutiert werden, seine Annahmen müssen
hinterfragt werden, aber das Gerechtigkeits<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">potenzial</i>
des Völkerrechts kann nicht in Frage gestellt werden, ohne dem Diskurs die
gemeinsamen diskursiven und normativen Grundlagen zu entziehen. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Es ist wohl auch
nicht eine „deutsche“ Tradition, der ich folge, sondern eher eine
kritisch-positivistische Tradition, der ich mich verbunden sehe. Verbunden
fühle ich mich auch Michael Riegner, wenn er das Internetvölkerrecht als
„interessen- und machtdurchwirkter Flickenteppich“ beschreibt, der
„determiniert [wird] durch politische und ökonomische Ungleichheiten“, der
„widersprüchlich, hegemonial und potentiell ungerecht“ sei. Ich würde nur
hinzufügen: „wie das Recht generell“, „auch“, „teilweise“, „manchmal“ – und
dann darüber anfangen zu diskutieren, wie das Internetvölkerrecht im Lichte der
Ziele der internationalen Gemeinschaft, wie sie sich unter anderem aus der
UN-Charta, den Menschenrechten und den nachhaltigen Entwicklungszielen ergeben,
fairer ausgestaltet werden kann – und das ist das höchste Ziel jeder
Völkerrechtspolitik. Doch nun zu Michael Riegners Gegen-Thesen im Einzelnen:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">„1.
Internetpolitik ist von globalen Interessenkonflikten geprägt“</span></b></div>
<div class="Standard1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="line-height: 115%;">Dem kann ich nur zustimmen. Doch in Abrede zu stellen, dass sich
ein „globales Interesse an der Integrität und Funktionalität des Internet […] begründen“
lässt, ist problematisch. Von den Schlussdokumenten des Weltgipfels zur
Informationsgesellschaft über die Prinzipiensammlungen diverser internationaler
Organisationen herrscht hier Einigkeit. </span></div>
<div class="Standard1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="line-height: 115%;">Geltendes Völkerrecht schützt funktional die Integrität des
Internets, um bestimmte Ziele – wie den Schutz der Menschenrechte und die
menschliche Entwicklung – zu erreichen. Die richtige Feststellung, dass die „Realität
des Internets […] von Interessenkonflikten, nicht von Interessenkonvergenz
geprägt [ist]“, steht mit dem vorher Gesagten nicht im Widerspruch. Michaels
Aussage müsste nur qualifziert werden, damit ich sie unterschreiben kann. Die
Realität des Internets ist <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">auch </i>von
Konflikten gesprägt und nicht nur von konvergierenden Interessen. Aber das ist
wahrlich nicht überraschend. Denken wir an den Staat: Ja, es herrschen
Interessenkonflikte (über Pensionen, Armutsbekämpfung, Migration, unterirdische
Bahnhöfe), aber über die grundlegenden Staatsziele besteht doch im Wesentlichen
Einigkeit. So ist es im Diskurs um die normative Ordnung des Internets auch.
Doch da die Akteure divergenter sind, die Machtgefälle ausgeprägter, die
Regulierungstechniken unerprobter und die normativen Prozesse erst in
Beta-Stadium <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sind, ist alles etwas komplizierter.
</span></div>
<div class="Standard1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="line-height: 115%;">Natürlich liegt die „Integrität des Internets“ im Interesse der
Staaten – und aller anderen Stakeholder. Hier liegt vielleicht ein
Missverständnis vor: Denn Integrität heißt vereinfacht ausgedrückt „Funktionieren
des Internets“. Es heißt nicht, dass sich Staaten der Internetzensur enthalten.
Warum soll es der Integrität des Internets schaden, wenn Seiten, die der
sexuellen Ausbeutung von Kindern dienen, entfernet werden? Der Kampf gegen
Kriminalität und gegen Ausbetung im Netz dient gerade der Integrität des
Internets, ebenso der Kampf gegen Cyber-Angriffe und das menschenrechtlich
nicht unproblematische informations- und kommunikationstechnologische
Hochrüsten. Ein Vergleich mag helfen: Niemand kann ernsthaft behaupten, dass
der „Menschenrechtsschutz“ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nicht</i> im
Interesse der Staaten liege. Und doch foltern Staaten und begehen andere – oft
schwerwiegende – Menschenrechtsverletzungen. Dafür werden sie geächtet. Und mit
der Zeit bessern sie ihr Verhalten (nicht nur, aber auch, das zeigt ja die Compliance-Forschung,
die Michael zitiert, wegen völkerrechtlicher Verpflichtungen. Gänzlich in
Abrede stellen das ja nur die Völkerrechtnihilisten in der Tradition Goldsmiths
und Posners.) Das Beispiel der Türkei zeigt, wie das internationale System (im
letzten Jahr der EGMR) und auch nationale Gerichte auf Zensurmaßnahmen
reagieren. Etwas zu unaufgeregt vielleicht, aber kein relevanter Akteur hätte
ernsthaft den Twitter-Ban als Zeichen dafür gewertet, dass das
Internetvölkerrecht keine Bindungskraft entfaltet. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Michaels
Argument, dass „[g]roße Konzerne und kleine Internetnutzer, Start-ups und
Produktpiraten, Whistleblower und Hacker“ miteinander ringen, „ohne dass sich
ihre divergierenden Interessen auf den gemeinsamen Nenner des „Schutzes der
Integrität des Internets“ bringen ließen“, muss genau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">umgekehrt </i>werden. Das Einzige, was sie alle verbindet, ist der
Schutz der Integrität des Internets. Sonst können „große Konzerne“ kein Geld
machen und „kleine Internetnutzer“ keine Videos mit niesenden Pandabären anschauen.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ich nehme seit
nun fünf Jahren regelmäßig an Konferenzen zur normativen Gestaltung des
Internets teil. Hier wird hoch kontrovers diskutiert. Ich stelle daher kein
„Postulat der Interessenhomogenität“ auf, sondern stecke nur einen Rahmen ab, innerhalb
dessen über die konkrete Ausgestaltung der normativen Ordnung diskutiert wird.
Ins Staatliche gewandt: Die Integrität des Internets, wie sie völkerrechtlich
geschützt wird (normative wie positiv), entspricht der
freiheitlich-demokratischen Grundordnung. Wer diese in Abrede stellt, kann dann
in Folge wenig sinnhaft über die konkrete Ausgestaltung des Staatswesens
sprechen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Die </span><a href="http://www.un.org/depts/german/conf/wsis-05-tunis-doc7.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Verpflichtungserklärung von Tunis (2005)</span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> wird heute noch als Grundlage anerkannt
und verdient es gelesen zu werden. Sie legt bei allen ihren Schwächen im
Bereich der normativen Prozesse und der Interaktion der Stakeholder in klarer
Sprache und mit offenem Visier die Zielvorstellung des Internetvölkerrechts
fest. Abs. 2 und 3 können nicht einfach wegdiskutiert werden: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">„2. Wir bekräftigen unseren Wunsch und unsere Entschlossenheit, eine den
Menschen in den Mittelpunkt stellende, inklusive und entwicklungsorientierte
Informationsgesellschaft aufzubauen, gestützt auf die Ziele und Grundsätze der
Charta der Vereinten Nationen, das Völkerrecht und den Multilateralismus sowie
unter voller Achtung und Einhaltung der Allgemeinen Erklärung der<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menschenrechte, damit die Menschen auf der
ganzen Welt Informationen und Wissen schaffen, abrufen, nutzen und austauschen
können, um ihr Potenzial voll zu entfalten und die international vereinbarten
Entwicklungsziele, einschließlich der Millenniums-Entwicklungsziele, zu
erreichen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">3. Wir bekräftigen, dass alle Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten,
einschließlich des in der Erklärung von Wien verankerten Rechts auf
Entwicklung, allgemein gültig und unteilbar sind, einander bedingen und
miteinander verknüpft sind. Wir bekräftigen außerdem, dass Demokratie,
nachhaltige Entwicklung, Achtung vor den Menschenrechten und Grundfreiheiten
sowie gute Regierungsführung auf allen Ebenen einander bedingen und sich
gegenseitig verstärken. Wir beschließen ferner, die Achtung vor der Herrschaft
des Rechts sowohl in den internationalen als auch den nationalen
Angelegenheiten zu stärken.“</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>„2. Dem Internetvölkerrecht fehlt es an
normativem Gehalt“</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Michael Riegner argumentiert, dass dem Völkerrecht der
normative Gehalt fehle, um nationale Internetpolitik „determinieren“ zu können.
Ich stimme ihm zu, dass es ein langsamer, evolutionärer Prozess ist. Nur ist es
nicht so, dass das Internetvölkerrecht Regeln neu erfinden müsste. Schon der
UN-Menschenrechtsrat hat in Resolution 20/8 bestätigt, dass alle Menschenrechte
die offline gelten, dies auch online tun. Niemand will (und niemand <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muss</i>) neues „Internetvölkerrecht“
erfinden. Als „Internetvölkerrecht“ gelten eben auch jene menschenrechtliche
relevanten Normen, die auf menschliche Tätigkeit im Netz angewandt werden.
Michael müsste man also so verstehen, dass das globale
Menschenrechtsschutzregime (das qua Relevanz für das Internet auch Bestandteil
und sogar Fundament des Internetvölkerrechts ist) nicht in der Lage sei,
staatliches Verhalten zu lenken. Damit hinterfragt er den Menschenrechtsschutz
generell, da es ja in der Tat keinen dogmatisch wie rechtstheoretisch
spannenden Unterschied macht, ob willkürliche Zensur eines Website oder einer
Radiosendung völkerrechtlich untersagt wird. </span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Hier haben es jene einfach, die von der normativen
Relevanz menschenrechtlicher Bestimmungen für staatliches Verhalten ausgehen,
hat sich doch das Menschenrechtsschutzsystem über Jahre höchst effektiv
gezeigt. Ja, im Einzelfall werden völkerrechtliche Normen verletzt. Ja, Staaten
zensieren das Internet. Aber wie schon erwähnt: Staaten foltern auch, ohne dass
dies das Folterverbot in Frage stellen würde. Mit Recht und mit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recht</i> (nämlich mit Völkerrecht) werden sie
dafür kritisiert. Ebenso kritisiert werden sollten die vagen Ausführungen des
AB der WTO im Streitschlichtungsverfahren China-Audiovisual Services, auf das
Michael Bezug nimmt. Aussagen zur langfristigen Entwicklung des
Menschenrechtsschutzes von Online-Aktivitäten lassen sich aus dem Fall allerdings
nicht entnehmen.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Das Internetvölkerrecht wird also nicht neu „erfunden“,
sondern nur aus verschiedenen völkerrechtlichen Rechtsmaterien herausgelöst –
also eher „gefunden“ und dann im Lichte der Dialektik zwischen
Rechtfertigungsansprüchen und Rechtfertigungsnarrativen der Stakeholdergruppen
de- und rekonstruiert. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Auch das ist ein
langwieriger Prozess, aber bei weitem nicht so kontrovers wie Michael ihn sich
vorstellt. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ich bezweifle
auch nicht, dass Radio und Zeitung wichtig sind, aber das Internet hat doch
aufgrund seiner Struktur und seines Emanzipationspotenzials ganz andere
Wirkungen auf die menschliche Sozialität und Sozietät – und bedarf daher eines anderen
Schutzes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ich sehe auch
keinen Widerspruch in rechtswissenschaftlicher Begleitung von rechtspolitischen
Prozessen, die in der Tat sehr dynamisch ablaufen: Ende April tagte in Sao
Paolo NetMundial. Die dort in Multistakeholderprozessen entwickelten </span><a href="http://netmundial.br/netmundial-multistakeholder-statement/"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Prinzipien</span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> liefern wichtige Hinweise auf die Richtung, in
die sich das Internetvölkerrecht bewegen wird. Sie sollten Pflichtlektüre
werden für alle rechtlich wie politisch Interessierten. Auch der offenen,
webbasierte, multistakeholder-orientierte Prozess ihrer Erarbeitung hat bei
allen Schwächen Beispielcharakter für zukünftige normative Prozesse in ähnlich
gelagerten normativen Konstellationen (Disclaimer: Ich war Mitglied im
Exekutivkomitee, das den Text vorbereitet hat).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">„3. Die
Steuerungsfähigkeit des Internetvölkerrechts ist begrenzt“ </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Über
Steuerungsfähigkeit des Völkerrechts wurden schon sehr viel geschrieben. Darauf
verweise ich gerne auch in Bezug auf das Internetvölkerrecht. Es ist klar, dass
es schwer ist, den Einfluss völkerrechtlicher Diskurse auf nationale Politikentwicklung
im Einzelfall nachzuvollziehen. Allerdings zeigen Initiativen unterschiedlicher
Akteure – Unternehmen, Staaten, Zivilgesellschaft<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- dass sie sich zu völkerrechtlich
beeinflussten Prinzipien zur Internet Governance bekennen. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Es ist das
Völkerrecht und das völkerrechtliche Menschenrechtsschutzregime, das es erst
ermöglicht, über globale Überwachungsprozesse ernsthaft zu reden und diese zu
kritisieren. Ohne Völkerrecht stünden wir Überwachten sehr nackt da.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxwHT9KFa2xt8crU35DXM4hSuIeoy4BDfPVRT6iPEsTbTjJfNz835IMZdzdbqH42zpAtXNcUU2GzPJIHi8LlTj93l-ERYqHaelgLeNjKsdn9Tr9utRoGhyLvwydF6i5ctGRavJdQK1e6g/s1600/2014-02-21+14.42.21+-+Kopie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxwHT9KFa2xt8crU35DXM4hSuIeoy4BDfPVRT6iPEsTbTjJfNz835IMZdzdbqH42zpAtXNcUU2GzPJIHi8LlTj93l-ERYqHaelgLeNjKsdn9Tr9utRoGhyLvwydF6i5ctGRavJdQK1e6g/s1600/2014-02-21+14.42.21+-+Kopie.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Die zitierte </span><a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/%7Ejanavs/vonstein-compendium.pdf"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Compliance-Forschung</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;"> </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">macht wichtige Beiträge zu einem besseren
Verständnis völkerrechtlicher Strukturen, doch ringt sie zu häufig mit in der
Völkerrechtswissenschaft schon geschlagenen Schlachten. Wenn in dem zitierten
Beitrag eingangs von der „</span><span lang="DE" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: LucidaSansUnicode;">anarchic nature of the
international system“ die Rede ist und Fragen wie „Is international law really
“law”?“ gestellt bzw zitiert werden (1), dann setzt eine gewisse Müdigkeit ein.
Und ohne die Rolle von Indikatoren geringzuschätzen, mag auch der fast schon
ideologische Fokus auf quantitative Forschungen in sozialwissenschaftlicher
Literatur irritieren, da er normative Elemente ausblendet und regelmäßig blind
ist gegenüber der der Empirie eingeschrieben sozialen Konstruiertheit. Anders
formuliert: Auch Indikatoren sind Konstruktionen und auf ihnen beruhende
Argumente ebenso reflexiv zu bewerten wie normative Ansätze. (Interessant, dass
diese Diskussion auch im nationalen Kontext </span><a href="http://ejournals.duncker-humblot.de/doi/abs/10.3790/staa.51.1.117"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: LucidaSansUnicode;">nicht
ausbleibt</span></a><span lang="DE" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: LucidaSansUnicode;">.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">„4. Das Internetvölkerrecht muss Legitimitätsbedenken aus
dem Globalen Süden selbstkritisch begegnen“ </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Dem kann ich nur
zustimmen. Auch bin ich ganz bei Michael, wenn er schreibt, dass eine „</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">universelle völkerrechtliche Ordnung des Internets […] nicht <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">per se</i> wünschenswert“ ist. Deswegen habe
ich ja funktional argumentiert. Das Völkerrecht schützt das Internet nicht als <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ding an sich, </i>sondern als Mittel zum
Zweck und der Zweck liegt u.a. im Menschenrechtsschutz und in der Förderung
menschlicher Entwicklung. Ich bin auch bei Michael, wenn er kritisiert, dass
zentrale Werte wie „Transparenz, Inklusivität und Accountability,
Entwicklungsorientierung und Menschenzentriertheit“<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dem Internetvölkerrecht „weder <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a priori</i> eingeschrieben [sind], noch ist
seine Zukunft automatisch darauf gerichtet“. Nicht a priori, nicht automatisch
– aber normativen und positiv. Wer dies in Abrede stellt, ignoriert (oder missversteht)
die Entwicklung von Internet Governance Prinzipien über die letzten Jahre, den
Internet Governance Forum-Prozess und blendet die Diskussion bei NetMundial
ebenso aus wie die parallel laufenden Prozesse im Rahmen mehrere
UN-Unterorganisationen.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Ich bin ein großer Fan von „selbstbewusste[r]
Völkerrechtspolitik im Globalen Süden“, doch das NetMundial in Sao Paulo
stattgefunden hat, lag daran, dass Präsidentin Rousseff wütender war über die
Abhöraktion der amerikanischen Sicherheitsbehörden als Bundeskanzlerin Merkel.
Letztere meinte, so etwas gehörte sich nicht unter Freunden, erstere schlug bei
der UNO-Generalversammlung ganz andere Töne an, präsentierte Prinzipien zur
Gestaltung internationaler Internetpolitik und lud zu NetMundial ein (dies gemeinsam
mit dem Chef von ICANN, der (auch) andere Interessen hatte, aber dies steht auf
einem anderen Blatt). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Nicht ganz zutreffend ist auch, dass Internetgipfel heute
primär im Globalen Süden stattfinden. Diese sind dem Prinzip geographischer
Neutralität folgend weltweit verteilt. Das Internet Governance Forum der
Vereinten Nationen fand bisher in Athen, Rio, Hyderabad, Sharm El Sheikh,
Vilnuis, Nariobi, Baku und Bali </span><a href="http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">statt</span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">. 2014 ist Istanbul an der Reihe. Und Genf bleibt weiter
als Sitzungstadt relevant. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Ein
paar Tage nach NetMundial fand dort das </span><a href="http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WGEC.aspx"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Treffen</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">
der </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Working Group to examine the
mandate of WSIS [the World Summit on the Information Society process] regarding
enhanced cooperation as contained in the Tunis Agenda (Working Group on
Enhanced Cooperation (WGEC))</i> statt. <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Schon der hochtechnische Titel zeigt, wie weit sich das Internetvölkerrecht
entwickelt hat. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">“5.
Kommunikative Völkerrechtswissenschaft<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">en</i>
als Zukunftsaufgabe” </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFBiXJoQ2dFQJnCOD7RyGaxqrE6pcBA24DtbhOCjdaKdU2iFTQ9LCE9bAorYLT3ndI99KcH2JutajbHUhk_yPzVoWx7anFyn4UDAQGjgKbeRKw8w6ApFAapQ3A8GwbVAbE2oJDeuRtabc/s1600/2014-02-21+14.05.50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFBiXJoQ2dFQJnCOD7RyGaxqrE6pcBA24DtbhOCjdaKdU2iFTQ9LCE9bAorYLT3ndI99KcH2JutajbHUhk_yPzVoWx7anFyn4UDAQGjgKbeRKw8w6ApFAapQ3A8GwbVAbE2oJDeuRtabc/s1600/2014-02-21+14.05.50.jpg" height="320" width="239" /></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: StempelGaramondLTStd;">Wieder ganz bei Michael bin ich,
wenn er abschließend schreibt „Selbstkritik ist also wichtige Zukunftsaufgabe
der Völkerrechtswissenschaft. Dazu gehört die Einsicht, dass Völkerrecht nicht
nur juristischer Elitendiskurs sein darf.“<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ich würde verallgemeinern: der Diskurs um jede normative Ordnung muss
ein Diskurs sein, an dem sich alle beteiligen, die von dieser normativen
Ordnung betroffen sind. Das mag jetzt nach Habermas oder Rawls klingen (und in
der Tat trennt uns ein Schleier des Nichtwissens vom Internet der Zukunft),
doch sind die daraus zu ziehenden Schlüsse sehr real. Jedoch wir die Forderung
– das muss kritisch eingestanden werden – stets in einem Spannungsverhältnis
dazu stehen, dass sich in allen normativen Prozessen (auf lokaler, regionaler,
staatlicher, internationaler Ebene) immer eher die (Funktions-, Geld-, Macht-,
Wissens-)Eliten beteiligen. Ein Ansatz der helfen kann, ist jener der an meiner
Arbeitsstelle hier in Frankfurt am </span><a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Exzellenzcluster „Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen“ </span></a>verfolgt wird. Wir untersuchen die Spannung zwischen der normativen Kraft des Faktischen und der faktischen Kraft des Normativen integrativ aufzulösen. Dabei verstehen wird <span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">normative
Ordnung wie die Gründer des Clusters Forst und Günther </span><a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/de/organisation/mitarbeiter-a-z/person/442"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">schreiben</span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">, als Rechtfertigungsordnungen, „die historisch
gegründet sind und auf „Rechtfertigungsnarrativen“ beruhen. Sie zeichnen
bestimmte Legitimationen aus, wobei Normen und Werte verschiedenster Art
(Moral, Recht, Religion, um nur einige zu nennen) ineinander greifen bzw.
Spannungen erzeugen. Solche Ordnungen legitimieren sich aus bestimmten Normen
und bringen ihrerseits Normen hervor, doch stets in einem dynamischen Sinne.“ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Eine normative Dynamik wird auch die Zukunft des Internetvölkerrechts
prägen. </span>In seinem <a href="http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/25/1/2475.pdf">Artikel</a>
in der aktuellen EJIL über <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">The End of Geography: The Changing Nature of the
International System and the Challenge to International Law</span></i><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> schreibt Daniel Bethlehem, “[t]he
international law dealing with cyber space is in its infancy […].” Er hat
Unrecht: Das Internetvölkerrecht krabbelt nicht herum und nuckelt am Schnuller.
Es ist schon in der <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pubertät</i>, hat
Pickel (normative Auswüchse) und ist voller Hormone (schießt manchmal übers
Ziel hinaus). Das macht es uns – wollen wir uns nun als Eltern, Lehrer oder
einfach interessierte Nachbarn sehen – nicht einfacher. Doch wir dürfen uns
nicht aus der Verantwortung stehlen, in dem wir dem Internetvölkerrecht
Relevanz oder Lenkungswirkung absprechen. Positiv stabilisierte wie normative
Ansätze sprechen dagegen. Zu vielfältig sind die Wege der Effektuierung des
Internetvölkerrechts und zu groß seine Relevanz und Lenkungskraft.</span></div>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-69219115004465618222014-03-11T22:38:00.000+01:002014-03-11T22:38:59.477+01:00Shaping the Digital Environment - Ensuring our Rights on the Internet: Key Council of Europe to Start in Graz on 13 March<div style="background-color: white;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizPo0GKC6y0tpayjcpS6T4I-yWx-6NmASb-7s6DfjHiTM-Oyr_X506YMwAL1BKlgSB0hm-Zjw_bGsyGJuboSWJV4FD3j30cPyZGnaoZ8Im3ejn5FkNB9-AZ6CzbR37NBn1O46lYb35670/s1600/IMG_2243.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizPo0GKC6y0tpayjcpS6T4I-yWx-6NmASb-7s6DfjHiTM-Oyr_X506YMwAL1BKlgSB0hm-Zjw_bGsyGJuboSWJV4FD3j30cPyZGnaoZ8Im3ejn5FkNB9-AZ6CzbR37NBn1O46lYb35670/s1600/IMG_2243.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Graz lies close to the Styrian wine country which is best </span></div>
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in autumn but worth a visit in any season.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you want to know what the status quo on the debate on human rights in in Internet Governance is, you can (and shouldI) read the submissions to NetMundial (a .zip download is available <a href="http://linguasynaptica.com/netmundial-contributions-archive/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=netmundial-contributions-archive" target="_blank">here</a>, thanks to Samantha Dickinson). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Or you can join remotely (via <a href="https://new.livestream.com/accounts/1803806/events/2833532" target="_blank">livestream </a>or in <a href="http://www.coe.int/t/informationsociety/Config2014/default_en.asp" target="_blank">person)</a> a key conference by the Council of Europe and the Austrian Council of Ministers Presidency on "Shaping the Digital Environment - Ensuring our Rights on the Internet" to take place in my home town of Graz on 13 - 14 March 2014.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The conference <span style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">will address, as the Council of Europe puts it, "current challenges and responses to make the internet an inclusive and people-centred space in the follow-up of the Council of Europe Internet Governance Strategy 2012-2015, adopted in 2012. </span><span style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">It will build upon a multi-stakeholder approach, and discuss challenges and best practices in the light of recent developments in the field of Internet governance. Participants will take stock of the progress made on the Council of Europe's Internet Governance Strategy, thereby also identifying possible ways forward beyond 2015. They will address inter alia:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">privacy and self-determination on the internet</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">public interest content on the Internet</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">business and human rights – industry responses to user rights"</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two key document to consult are the </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">Internet Governance - </span><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/economiccrime/cybercrime/Documents/Internet%20Governance%20Strategy/Internet%20Governance%20Strategy%202012%20-%202015.pdf" style="background-image: none; line-height: 16.799999237060547px; padding-right: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Council of Europe Strategy 2012-2015</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px;">The Council of Europe Strategy on Internet Governance (2012-2015): </span><a href="http://www.coe.int/t/informationsociety/Config2014/SGINF2014-7-en.pdf" style="background-image: none; line-height: 16.799999237060547px; padding-right: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Mid-Term Report by the Secretary General of the Council of Europe</a></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Key questions the panels will tackle include:<br /><ul>
<li>Convention 108 on data protection and the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime – what threshold of support will make them de facto global standards? </li>
<li>What is the best way for states to protect the Internet from harm? </li>
<li>Mass surveillance – can privacy still exist in our daily lives? </li>
<li>How free can we really be on the Internet? What scope for a mapping of restrictions on freedom of expression and access to information online? </li>
<li>Collective or national strategies on Internet governance? </li>
<li>What has been achieved and what must still be achieved within the current Internet Governance Strategy? </li>
<li>How to mainstream multi-stakeholderism in Council of Europe standard-setting, monitoring and cooperation activities? </li>
<li>How can stakeholders enable Internet users to be informed, decide and consent online? </li>
<li>Can political decision making be influenced by big data collected by businesses? </li>
<li>What remedies are available in Europe to remedy infringements on privacy, and are they effective? </li>
<li>Council of Europe Guide on Human Rights for Internet users – what expectations and next steps? </li>
<li>What do next generation education, culture and freedom imply? </li>
<li>Is the right to knowledge and the right to create and re-create content being unduly undermined? </li>
<li>How are public services delivered differently using the Internet? </li>
<li>What frameworks for private sector delivery of public services and content?</li>
<li>What does Internet governance mean for business in view of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights by UN Special Representative John Ruggie which were endorsed by the United Nations Human Rights Council on 16 June 2011? </li>
<li>What role for corporate lobbyists in shaping human rights policy on the Internet? </li>
<li>What state regulation of Internet actors is necessary and proportionate to ensure human rights are respected? </li>
<li>Is self-regulation of private sector Internet actors working? </li>
<li>Which are the major Internet-related issues and related actions that should be addressed by the Council of Europe from 2016? </li>
<li>What key partnerships and synergies between Council of Europe and other organisations and bodies should be fostered? </li>
<li>Beyond legally and politically binding instruments, how can the Council of Europe deliver tangible safeguards for human rights on-line?</li>
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During the conference, Wolfgang Benedek and I will also present our book on <a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/en/human-rights-and-democracy/5810-freedom-of-expression-and-the-internet.html" target="_blank">Freedom of Expression and the Internet</a>.</div>
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I look forward to the dicussions there - and to the answers to the questions. I will post updates on the main outcomes here. </div>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-81351281230876290502014-01-15T15:26:00.000+01:002014-01-15T15:26:05.214+01:00Freedom of Expression and the Internet - All You Need to Know About Free Speech, Privacy and Human Rights Online<div class="tab" id="tabs1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQfpAX8wgq8ycFjzjDpRmVC8wcVUls6P26eEU7DzpJN5nMoc1xsWkDjzCYUHfZDGbCnX6nppIaxTij53j6C7dc9F4_jiw0SJ8gbvgXQBG4mCt3yiLYMta2f-iSsrFEb6jkcdRXdOlnB4/s1600/Titel+CoE+FoE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQfpAX8wgq8ycFjzjDpRmVC8wcVUls6P26eEU7DzpJN5nMoc1xsWkDjzCYUHfZDGbCnX6nppIaxTij53j6C7dc9F4_jiw0SJ8gbvgXQBG4mCt3yiLYMta2f-iSsrFEb6jkcdRXdOlnB4/s320/Titel+CoE+FoE.jpg" width="320" /></a><b>Just published: </b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /><br /><a href="https://book.coe.int/eur/en/human-rights-and-democracy/5810-freedom-of-expression-and-the-internet.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Freedom of expression <br />and the Internet</span></a></b></span></span></div>
<div id="product_infos">
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Prof. Wolfgang Benedek and </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr Matthias C. Kettemann</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ISBN 978-92-871-7702-5</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Language : English <br /> Number of pages : 192</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">With the rise of the Internet, the
opportunities to express oneself have grown exponentially, as have the
challenges to freedom of expression. From the Arab Spring to the global
Occupy movement, freedom of expression on the Internet has had a
profound impact on the debates which shape our future. At the same time,
an increasing number of states use the Internet to spy on journalists
and citizens, to prosecute and jail bloggers, and to censor online
information.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This book sets out to answer essential questions
regarding the extent and limits of freedom of expression online. It
seeks to shed light on the often obscure landscape of what we are
allowed to say online and how our ideas, and the process of imparting
and receiving information, are protected.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">It shows the large ambit
of rights protected by freedom of expression – including freedom of the
media and the right to access information via the Internet. It also
highlights the importance of the standard-setting, monitoring and
promotion activities of international and non-governmental
organisations, with a chapter on relevant national practices that
illustrates how different states deal with the challenge that the
Internet has brought to ensuring freedom of expression for all. As the
importance of the Internet in our daily lives grows, readers will find
this book to be a valuable resource for understanding the rights and
obligations of each actor on the Internet, including states, Internet
companies and civil society.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">What can you expect? </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span><strong>Table of Contents</strong> </span><br /><br /><strong>List of abbreviations</strong><br /><strong>Table of cases </strong><br /><strong>Preface</strong><br /><br /><strong>1. Introduction: the challenges of ensuring freedom of expression on the Internet</strong><br /><strong>2. The content of freedom of expression online</strong><br />2.1. Main elements of the right<br /> 2.1.1. Freedom of opinion<br /> 2.1.2. Freedom of information<br /> 2.1.3. Freedom of the press and the media<br /> 2.1.4. Freedom of international communication <br /> 2.1.5. Freedom of artistic expression<br /> 2.1.6. Freedom of cultural expression <br /> 2.1.7. Freedom of science <br /> 2.1.8. A new freedom? Internet freedom and openness<br /> 2.1.9. Right to anonymity <br /> 2.1.10. Right to whistle-blowing <br />2.2. Corollary rights: freedom of assembly and association, right to education and access to knowledge <br />2.3. Right to access to the Internet <br /><br /><strong>3. Restrictions on freedom of expression online</strong> <br />3.1. Principles and problems<br />3.2. Criteria for restrictions and the practice of the Court in Internet cases<br /> 3.2.1. Criteria for restrictions <br /> 3.2.2. The practice of the Court <br />3.3. Conclusion <br /><br /><strong>4. Standard-setting by the Council of Europe and non-state actors</strong><br />4.1. The context: the role of human rights in Internet governance <br />4.2. Activities of the Council of Europe: awareness raising and tandard-setting <br /> 4.2.1. Recommendations and declarations <br /> 4.2.2. Guidelines and recommendations for business <br />4.3. Activities of non-state actors <br /> 4.3.1. The Charter on Human Rights and Principles for the Internet <br /> 4.3.2. Standard-setting in the private sector <br /> 4.3.3. Transparency to protect freedom of expression<br /><br /><strong>5. Specific issues</strong> <br />5.1. Internet content regulation and freedom of expression <br />5.2. Access to the Internet as a precondition for freedom of expression online <br />5.3. Technological neutrality and freedom of expression <br />5.4. Network neutrality and freedom of expression<br />5.5. Characteristics of protected and unprotected speech online <br />5.6. Fighting online hate speech <br />5.7. Defamation, reputation and freedom of expression online <br />5.8. Protection of children in light of freedom of expression <br />5.9. Freedom of expression and Internet domain names <br />5.10. The role of Internet intermediaries<br />5.11. Freedom of expression in social networks <br />5.12. Private and public spaces on the Internet<br />5.13. Transcending the national level<br /><br /><strong>6. Relevant practice on the national level</strong><br />6.1. Jurisdiction and freedom of expression online<br /> 6.1.1. France v. US and Yahoo v. LICRA: a tale of two countries and two courts <br /> 6.1.2. UK: the Internet comes under national jurisdiction <br />6.2. Access and freedom of expression online <br /> 6.2.1. Egypt: Internet shutdowns <br /> 6.2.2 Internet access as a protected right in 20 Council of Europe member states <br />6.3. Copyright and freedom of expression online<br /> 6.3.1. France: the limits to enforcing copyright <br /> 6.3.2. European Union: citizen activism for freedom of expression <br />6.4. Public and private violations of freedom of expression online <br /> 6.4.1. United Kingdom: limits of freedom of expression online – and the limits of these limits<br /> 6.4.2. Twitter in France, Germany and the US: testing boundaries of free speech<br /> 6.4.3. United Kingdom: private censorship through hotlines <br />6.5. Powerful Internet companies and national laws: who wins the battle for freedom of expression?<br /> 6.5.1. Germany: regional approaches to ensuring pseudonymity <br /> 6.5.2. Google Italy: personalising (criminal) liability for online content <br /> 6.5.3. UK: publisher’s liability for Google confirmed <br /> 6.5.4. UK, Germany and the Council of Europe: whistle-blowing as a human right <br />6.6. Business and freedom of expression online<br /> 6.6.1. Tajikistan: no complicity of companies in censorship <br /> 6.6.2. EU: Does the export of censorship and surveillance technology violate human rights? <br /><br /><strong>7. European monitoring mechanisms</strong> <br />7.1. Council of Europe Internet governance strategy<br />7.2. Monitoring by Council of Europe bodies <br /> 7.2.1. The Committee of Ministers <br /> 7.2.2. The Parliamentary Assembly <br /> 7.2.3. The Secretary General<br /> 7.2.4. The Commissioner for Human Rights <br /> 7.2.5. The European Court of Human Rights<br /> 7.2.6. The Council of Europe’s other monitoring <br /> 7.2.7. The European Committee on Social Rights <br /> 7.2.8. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) <br /> 7.2.9. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)<br /> 7.2.10. Capacity building <br />7.3. Monitoring by the OSCE and the EU <br /> 7.3.1. The OSCE <br /> 7.3.2. The EU <br />7.4. European hotlines <br />7.5. Civil society watchdogs <br /><br /><strong>8. Promotion of freedom of expression online</strong> <br />8.1. The Council of Europe<br />8.2. The European Union <br />8.3. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) <br />8.4. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) <br />8.5. The UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression<br />8.6. Initiatives by individual states<br /><br /><strong>9. Conclusions</strong><br />9.1. Freedom of expression as the key right of the Internet age <br />9.2. Setting standards for free speech online: the impact of the Council of Europe<br />9.3. Protecting Internet-based freedom of expression: a daily challenge<br />9.4. The corrective function of the European Court of Human Rights <br />9.5. Judges outside the courtroom: monitoring freedom of expression <br />9.6. Taking things one step further: promoting freedom of expression <br />9.7. Freedom of expression on the Internet: a catalyst and an enabler of human rights <br /><br /><strong>Executive summary </strong><br /><strong>Bibliography</strong></span></div>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-23439437733238666912013-09-20T13:44:00.000+02:002013-09-20T13:44:08.364+02:00Die überwachte Gesellschaft: iRights.info veröffentlicht E-Book zu Politik und Recht nach Prism<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: auto;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyLoxIdnRcKAJLVMs9y9eXUaL-54Q1IXG0QQuTNZMKjnm0Hpd4nnpbUlo4pRtzZ23Iz31ZWc4rr-iuK7-PDnXcNauo36zKyWsbcOpa9cR1viPBP8xrSppg9E0KfTHk7RqjaIEcCRPJJo0/s1600/Titel+iRights.info+-+%C3%9Cberwachte+Gesellschaft.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyLoxIdnRcKAJLVMs9y9eXUaL-54Q1IXG0QQuTNZMKjnm0Hpd4nnpbUlo4pRtzZ23Iz31ZWc4rr-iuK7-PDnXcNauo36zKyWsbcOpa9cR1viPBP8xrSppg9E0KfTHk7RqjaIEcCRPJJo0/s320/Titel+iRights.info+-+%C3%9Cberwachte+Gesellschaft.JPG" width="247" /></span></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Überwachte Gesellschaft - eine neuer Sammelband <br />mit Interviews und Beiträgen zu Recht und <br />Politik nach Prism und Tempora cc </span></span><a href="http://irights.info/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">iRights.info</span></span></span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prism und Tempora und die sich an die Enthüllungen über Intensität und Ausmaß der Überwachungsprogramme anschließende Debatte haben Politik und Recht stark beeinflusst. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Welche Entwicklungen sich nun abzeichnen und wie Politik und Recht auf den Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie zur Überwachung reagieren, zeichnen Beiträge nach die David Pachali für iRights.info zusammengestelllt hat. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Die Beiträge - Interviews und Artikel - sind nun unter dem Titel <a href="http://irights-media.de/publikationen/ueberwachte-gesellschaft-recht-technik-und-politik-nach-prism-und-tempora/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">Überwachte Gesellschaft: Recht, Technik und Politik nach Prism und Tempora</span></a> als E-Book erschienen. </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">iRights.info will die Frage stellen, "wie wir als Gesellschaft damit umgehen wollen, dass unsere Leben und unsere Daten vor den Geheimdiensten dieser Welt offenliegen."</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Das E-Book enthält Texte von Tilman Baumgärtel, Nico Ernst, Jürgen Geuter, Friedhelm Greis, Torsten Kleinz, Felix Knoke, Lorenz Matzat, David Pachali, Jan Schallaböck, Anja Seeliger, Henry Steinhau, Jörg Thoma und und Interviews mit Nikolaus Forgó, Matthias Hartwig, Matthias C. Kettemann, Erich Moechel und Peter Schaar.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mein Interview vom Juli 2013 und alle anderen Texte sind noch auf iRights.info </span><a href="http://cloud.irights.info/matthias-kettemann-menschenrechte-gelten-offline-wie-online"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">nachzulesen</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, aber der Kauf des E-Books lohnt sich auf jeden Fall.</span><br />
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-44739303785128290282013-09-17T12:02:00.000+02:002013-09-17T15:05:05.072+02:00Human Rights on the Internet: A Reasoned Call for Transantlantic Cooperation<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkP4EiIZ3zQSHHAoEqyiur8AYRbbSypCJ7djc07POkeg6hoJ3X5zoOXyZEO2Nvma61RMAHqMvhtjJBLTsmrSF2ZBdkt8fXhFHHLIZKkE7X6XADDXzi6XP6Y3leDJmhNpMh5-TPpmVouI/s1600/IMG_1518.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkP4EiIZ3zQSHHAoEqyiur8AYRbbSypCJ7djc07POkeg6hoJ3X5zoOXyZEO2Nvma61RMAHqMvhtjJBLTsmrSF2ZBdkt8fXhFHHLIZKkE7X6XADDXzi6XP6Y3leDJmhNpMh5-TPpmVouI/s1600/IMG_1518.JPG" height="238" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Transatlantic human rights dialogue on Internet rights <br />is essential: for five distinct reasons. (c) Kettemann 2013</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Next week I'll participate in a <a href="http://internationallawandtheinternet.blogspot.de/2013/09/cyberspace-terra-incognita-for-human.html">conference </a>on the transantlantic human rights heritage organized by Harvard University and the Council of Europe. My panel will be dedicated to human rights in cyberspace. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">I will call for a transatlantic human rights dialogue
on Internet rights and present five arguments in support of it.</span></div>
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<b style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></span></span></span></a></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I. Are States the New Anarchists? </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">In
the early phases of the development of the Internet the absence of state-given
norms was a key feature which boosted creativity and facilitated development.
Its downside was the perceived anarchy of the early Internet. Users thought
they could do what they wanted to do. But progressively, social mores were
enforced on the Internet. Norms were created (or applied) and, for cases of serious
anti-social behaviour, states reined people in.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">This has changed. Today, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">states</i> seem like the new anarchists.
They behave (pass laws, take enforcement measures) as if the Internet was a quasi-anarchic,
self-contained place: as if the law-based human rights framework limiting state
action did not apply.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Just as early Internet anarchists
were proven wrong, states believing their normative behaviour online is off
limits to international scrutiny will be, too. States cannot do what they want
to the Internet, its data flows and its users. But it will take individuals (an
emerging global public sphere) to rein them in. Combining the growth of a
whistleblowing culture, old media’s attempts to reassert its role and the
technical possibilities of the Internet, keeping secrets regarding Internet
surveillance gets progressively difficult, especially when the secret lies in perceived
or actual violations of human rights.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Against this background I suggest
five propositions that can help inspire a transatlantic human rights dialogue
on Internet rights.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">II. Five Propositions</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(1) All human rights that apply offline also
apply online. </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">On July 5, 2012, the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) adopted by consensus
a key resolution on the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on
the Internet<span style="background: white;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></a>The Resolution affirms that </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">“the same rights that
people have offline must also be protected online.” We thus do not need any
‘new’ human rights for the Internet age. States need to respect, protect and
implement the existing ones – especially in light of the catalytic function of
the Internet to exercise a broad range of human rights, especially the right to
freedom of expression.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></a>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
right to privacy is intricately and closely connected to that right. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">If you feel watched, you
will behave differently. If you think that your communications are read, you
will write differently. Recommitting to this consensus, especially in times of
serious doubts as to the human rights conformity of national Internet
surveillance, must be a transatlantic priority.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(2) Ensuring human security means ensuring
both human rights and security. </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fighting
terrorism is an essential goal of the international community. In ensuring
their citizens’ security, states fulfill their human rights-based role. But
their policies must always be proportionate. Ensuring human security means
ensuring both security and human rights. The concept of human security, which has been accepted by the United Nations<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span>as a key conceptual vector, must
be mainstreamed in any surveillance laws and proportionality requirements must
be factored in in keeping with established international human rights doctrine
and jurisprudence. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(3) The protection of human rights online (and
keeping the Internet functional and stable) lies in the global common interest.
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The
protection of online communication processes is safeguarded comprehensively by
Article 19 ICCPR, regional human rights law and customary law. Further, states
have a duty to ensure the Internet’s stability, integrity and functionality as
a precondition to the exercise of rights related to information and
communication processes. Further sources of an emerging duty to safeguarding the
integrity of the Internet include aspects of the international legal duty to
cooperate, the prohibition of intervention and the precautionary principle.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(4) The transatlantic partnership is
important, but do not forget China (and Brazil, and Russia, and India …).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cyberspace
works better, when the US and Europe work together. With 11,4 % and 21,5 % of
world users <a href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm">respectively</a>,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></a> they are important forces that shape Internet Governance policy across the
globe. This applies particularly to the US which has special role due to the
historical evolution of the Internet (ICANN, IANA etc.). But we must not forget
the rest of the world. Internet penetration rates in Africa and Asia are growing
energetically. Some countries, <a href="http://www.un.int/india/2010/IBSA%20STATEMENT.pdf">including </a>emerging world powers such as India,
Brazil and South Africa,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span></a>but also </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Russia and China<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></a>
have markedly different approaches to human rights online than Europe and the
US – and Asia <a href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm">has </a>44,8 % of the world’s Internet users with a penetration rate
of only 27,5 % of the population.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Here, too, a dialogue is
essential. It must be based on human rights-sensitive practices in the US and
Europe. If transatlantic practice in human rights protection disappoints or
seems insincere, the case for Internet freedom, strongly advocated by the
former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, suffers substantially. When human
rights-insensitive states see similar practices in the US and Europe they will
feel little need for policy changes. Whether it its Internet surveillance
through powerful spy agencies or the sale of Internet surveillance software by
European companies: the human rights message cannot be convincing if practice
is inconsistent.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4070817223703433987#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(5) In Internet (human rights) policy-making,
states will continue to matter, but let us not forget the people. </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">States
will continue to make decisions that influence the usage of the Internet
worldwide. But we should not underestimate the power of people to legitimize
norms that relate to the Internet. The case of ACTA in Europe has shown how
civil society activism could stop a treaty ratification process. Both Europe and
the US need to learn from this. When human rights online are at stake, norms
should be developed, ideally, in a multi-stakeholder process, but at least more
openly than existing surveillance legislation is applied. International multi-stakeholder
processes are no substitute for a national political debate, but they can add
important legitimacy (and ideas). One example of good practice is the EuroDIG,
the annual European Dialogue on Internet Governance, which brings together
members from all stakeholder groups and serves as a regional preparatory event
for the IGF.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">III. The Case for Cooperation</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Implementing
these five propositions in a spirit of transatlantic cooperation will mean a
big step towards effectively respecting, protecting and implementing human
rights online. Three cases can be made for the necessity of such cooperation:
based on principles, politics and economics.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Principles:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The US and the EU share a
common heritage of human rights. They need to reassert the primacy of human
rights in their relations and ensure that human rights inform their ICT
policies and their Internet Governance approaches. Ensuring human rights and
human security must be a paramount concern for both transatlantic partners.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Politics:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">It is poor politics to
commit to human rights online (by, e.g., supporting resolutions on human rights
online, by promoting Internet freedom) and have laws on the books that allow
for widespread monitoring. Respecting human rights of non-US Internet users (and
their sensibilities) should be a political goal of the US government. The
historical role of the US in establishing the Internet gives it also a historic
responsibility: to be a beacon of human rights protection online. And an
example for the world, first amendment!</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Economics:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">US companies are (still)
in the lead in the provision of IT services. Google and Amazon, Facebook and
Twitter are key data handlers and still largely enjoy the trust of people
worldwide. If global consumers no longer feel that they can trust the security
of their data with US service providers, they will – to the degree that this is
possible – take their business elsewhere. As has happened with cloud services. Non-US
customers need to feel valued and secure when dealing with US companies. The US
government should support initiatives such as the Google and Facebook Transparency
Reports by, for example, allowing that the data requested, especially under
FISA, is more clearly disaggregated. In the fight against terrorism US IT
companies, the US government and Council of Europe states need to be strong
allies, but not at the expense of fundamental rights.</span></div>
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<br style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" />Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-89842386681845998702013-09-16T11:52:00.001+02:002013-09-16T11:52:33.538+02:00Cyberspace - a terra incognita for human rights? A conference in Cambridge sheds some light on the question<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia9N6kAhl8cpydgjh45FsopnTLkWXXhf1yZakx5u__OsmVnAlnthOAdWsPNutcF6dQ8zQ1Dv8V78za6mLOfwhHEa2dgUofcUSiAl0Wt4b4hVSe3MbxZekkzgsI2Oa0A5PWduW9B6cr-SM/s1600/IMG_0652.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia9N6kAhl8cpydgjh45FsopnTLkWXXhf1yZakx5u__OsmVnAlnthOAdWsPNutcF6dQ8zQ1Dv8V78za6mLOfwhHEa2dgUofcUSiAl0Wt4b4hVSe3MbxZekkzgsI2Oa0A5PWduW9B6cr-SM/s1600/IMG_0652.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption">If you're in terra incognita, it's great to have signs ... <br /><div>
then again, if you have signs, it's not really terra </div>
incognita per se - just terra incognita for you.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I've been invited to contribute to an Joint Council of Europe/Harvard University <a href="http://hrp.law.harvard.edu/academic/opportunities-for-scholarship/conferences/divided-by-a-common-heritage-human-rights-in-europe-and-the-united-states/">conference</a> next week dedicated to the theme of managing the transatlantic human rights relationship: "Divided by a Common Heritage: Human Rights in Europe and the United States”.<br />
<br />
My panel will be dedicated to "Cyberspace: Terra Incognita of Human Rights? European and U.S. Experiences” with <strong>Yochai Benkler</strong>, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School; <strong>Julie Cohen</strong>, Professor of Law, Georgetown Law School, Washington DC; <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">myself and </span>Rolf H. Weber</strong>, Professor for Civil, Commercial and European Law, University of Zurich, Switzerland; with Philip Heymann, James Barr Ames Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, moderating.<br />
<br />
Of course, cyberspace is not really "terra incognita" of human rights. The term might refer to unknown, unexplored or uncartographed areas (of land or human knowledge). Cyberspace is not <i>unknown </i>to human rights (just think of the HRC Resolution 20/8 confirming that all human rights that apply offline also apply online). It is not unexplored (but arguably underexplored), as there are quite a number of publications dedicating themselves specifically to the role of human rights on cyberspace. Similarly, the role of human rights online are non uncartographed, but again under- and miscartographed.<br />
<br />
We can agree, therefore, that cyberspace is not terra incognita but <i>terra not quite enough cognita </i>for human rights.<br />
<br />
At the conference I will be making a couple of points regarding the importance of transatlantic cooperation in the pursuance of common goals relating to Internet Governance. I'll blog about them in the next days.<br />
<br />
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-88560481254334383542013-09-05T13:19:00.003+02:002013-09-05T13:19:49.017+02:00Netzpolitik in Österreich: ein Aufruf!<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAV8S6uvbAmbIKJ1hTAnTUo1Msn1TwPNk03ITomQZhIzLtGpUyQOMNSuUfAnLJu4iBHM1CVXd7jNQ5BJ-ocAdVNdRiDPWeBtOZ9LfDX9XS4-XiGG3Sm4K6Dma4S4_CPuNgVPaZqXIXFY/s1600/CoLabAT_MRI_Titelseite+PA.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAV8S6uvbAmbIKJ1hTAnTUo1Msn1TwPNk03ITomQZhIzLtGpUyQOMNSuUfAnLJu4iBHM1CVXd7jNQ5BJ-ocAdVNdRiDPWeBtOZ9LfDX9XS4-XiGG3Sm4K6Dma4S4_CPuNgVPaZqXIXFY/s320/CoLabAT_MRI_Titelseite+PA.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wie im letzten <a href="http://internationallawandtheinternet.blogspot.de/2013/09/zwischen-heimgartnervereinen-und.html">Eintrag</a> berichtet, habe ich mit zwei Kollegen von der Donau-Universität Krems einen Band zur Zukunft der Netzpolitik in Österreich veröffentlicht: <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/">Netzpolitik in Österreich</a>. Internet. Macht. Menschenrechte".</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wir wollten wichtige Initialzündungen für eine nuanciertere und mutigere Netzpolitik setzen und haben daher die Arbeit von mehr als 30 Expertinnen und Experten in Thesenform zusammengefasst. Diese sind auch unser Aufruf: gerichtet an Politik und Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ein Auszug folgt hier, die gesammleten Thesen findet ihr hier:</span><br />
<a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/thesen-detail/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Zentraler Netzpolitik in Österreich – ein Aufruf</a><br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Im Internet muss das Recht nicht neu erfunden werden. Im Internet müssen die Menschenrechte nicht neu konzipiert werden. Und im Internet muss Politik nicht gänzlich neu gedacht werden. Dennoch stellt die Netzpolitik formative soziale Kräfte vor neue Herausforderungen. Um das politische Emanzipationspotenzial des Internets nutzen zu können, bedarf es einer menschenrechtlich sensiblen, entwicklungsorientierten und technisch informierten Netzpolitik. Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Bandes haben in einer halbjährigen Arbeit zentrale Thesen aufgestellt, die als Leitlinien für die Netzpolitik Österreichs dienen können. Sie zeigen auf, wie diese zwischen Macht und Recht navigieren und zentrale gesellschaftliche Werte im und durch das Internet schützen kann.</span></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dieser Band möchte zeigen, was Netzpolitik leisten muss, leisten kann und leisten soll.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These 1. <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/category/1-macht-und-recht/">Recht begrenzt die Macht im Internet, doch über „Hintertüren“ wie Interessenspolitik, Sprache, Sozialstruktur und Code hält die Vermachtung wieder Einzug</a>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These 2. <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/category/2-menschenrechte-und-neue-verantwortlichkeiten/">Alle Menschenrechte, die offline gelten, gelten auch online. Im Internet stehen sie allerdings neuen Herausforderungen gegenüber, denen mit einer klaren Rückbesinnung auf ihre Kerngehalte und einer entsprechenden Inpflichtnahme aller AkteurInnen zu begegnen ist</a>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These 3. <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/category/3-governance-und-netzpolitik/">Um das Demokratisierungs- und Emanzipationsversprechen des Internets einzulösen, bedarf es einer menschenrechtlich sensiblen, entwicklungsorientierten und alle Menschen einschließenden Netzpolitik</a>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These 4. <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/category/4-bildung-und-emanzipation/">Umfassende und gleichberechtigte Beteiligung an der Informationsgesellschaft verlangt Internet-Bildung, eine Öffnung exklusiver Wissenslandschaften, eine sozial informierte Bewirtschaftung der Internet-Allmende und proaktive Maßnahmen zur Überwindung bestehender und sich vertiefender sozialer digitaler Gräben, gerade auch innerhalb eher homogener Gesellschaften</a>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These 5. <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/category/5-aktivita%CC%88t-und-engagement/">Das Internet befördert sozialen Aktivismus und politisches Engagement durch Transparenz, die Nivellierung von Partizipationshindernissen und Informationsfreiheit. Dabei kann Online-Aktivismus zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement auch in Offline-Kontexten unterstützen, aber nicht ersetzen</a>."</span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Und nicht vergessen: Wir laden herzlich ein zur <b>Buchpräsentation </b>im Rahmen des 8. paraflows-Festivals am 14.09.2013, 19:30 – 21:30, im Museumsquartier / quartier21 / Raum D, in Wien. (Anmeldung bis 10. September 2013 unter <a href="http://bit.ly/AnmeldungCoLabATMRI">http://bit.ly/AnmeldungCoLabATMRI</a>).</span><br />
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-7657915299401128382013-09-04T22:16:00.000+02:002013-09-04T22:16:51.281+02:00Zwischen Heimgärtnervereinen und Revolutionen: "Netzpolitik in Österreich" wird am 14.9. vorgestellt<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Das Internet ist zu einem zentralen Resonanzraum verschiedenster Ideen, Vorstellungen und Wünsche geworden. Es können Heimgärtnervereine ebenso wie Revolutionen gestartet, Musikvideos betrachtet, aber auch Filme über Menschenrechtsverletzungen angesehen werden. Menschen können sich im Internet austauschen, Informationen oder Unterhaltung suchen und konsumieren, politisch aktiv werden und sich organisieren. Den Möglichkeiten des Internets scheinen kaum Grenzen gesetzt. Das Internet verstärkt aber auch Ungleichheiten."</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv04Ll3q-80nI-GByqbpsTCEXruwPT56vJT6hDvC7ei0brgOFrVqg_ZNEvsIgkJGb0VPNvHkZyJm4p8p7FyLUd5ic7Q7q7_s6DFmjVQh_IqgFhFXs_BHYh6M6Ggiat_7mFX_XtXshjCZQ/s1600/CoLabAT_MRI_Titelseite+PA.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv04Ll3q-80nI-GByqbpsTCEXruwPT56vJT6hDvC7ei0brgOFrVqg_ZNEvsIgkJGb0VPNvHkZyJm4p8p7FyLUd5ic7Q7q7_s6DFmjVQh_IqgFhFXs_BHYh6M6Ggiat_7mFX_XtXshjCZQ/s320/CoLabAT_MRI_Titelseite+PA.jpg" width="213" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So beginnt "</span><a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Netzpolitik in Österreich</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Internet. Macht. Menschenrechte", ein von mir mitherausgegebener Sammelband, in dem 30 Expertinnen und Experten die Wege und Hürden zu einem menschenrechtssensiblen Internet aufzeigen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ich lade herzlich ein zur Buchpräsentation im Rahmen des </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. paraflows-Festivals </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">am </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">14.09.2013, 19:30 – 21:30, im </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Museumsquartier / quartier21 / Raum D, in Wien. (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Die Organisatoren bitten um Anmeldung bis 10. September 2013 unter </span><a href="http://bit.ly/AnmeldungCoLabATMRI" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://bit.ly/AnmeldungCoLabATMRI</a>)</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Zu dem gemeinsam mit Clara Landler und Peter Parycek herausgegebenen Band habe ich auch einige meiner Forschungen der letzten Zeit im Überblick zusammengefasst: </span><a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/neue-menschenrechte-fuer-das-internet/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Neue Menschenrechte für das Internet?</a>, </div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/grenzen-staatlicher-internetpolitik/">Grenzen staatlicher Internetpolitik</a>, <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/ist-facebook-neuer-oeffentlicher-raum/">Ist Facebook ein neuer öffentlicher Raum?</a>, <a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/schutz-aus-strassburg/">Schutz aus Straßburg</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Besonders interessant zu lesen sind die Thesen, die wir aus der Arbeit der Expertinnen und Experten über Monate entwickelt haben. So beginnen wir das Buch auch so, wie wir die Initiative geschlossen haben. Mit einem Aufruf, der hier nachzulesen ist: </span><a href="http://publikationen.collaboratory.at/mri/thesen-detail/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Netzpolitik in Österreich. Ein Aufruf</a>.</div>
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-17776776828558316232013-06-28T12:57:00.001+02:002013-06-28T12:57:42.758+02:00Klagen gegen Überwachungsprogramme: Kaum eine Chance vor internationalen Gerichten<h1 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 5px 0px 3px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 17px;">Als ob PRISM nicht schon schlimm genug wäre. Nun soll auch der britische Geheimdienst GCHQ deutsche Internetkommunikationen über ein Glasfaserkabel angezapft haben. Die Bundesregierung kann die Spionagestaaten deshalb zwar vor internationalen Gerichten verklagen; doch einfach wird das nicht, meint </span><i style="border: 0px; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Matthias C. Kettemann</i><span style="line-height: 17px;">.</span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">Zu diesem Thema habe ich auf der Legal Times Online einen Artikel veröffentlicht. Zu lesen </span><a href="http://www.lto.de/recht/hintergruende/h/eugh-igh-egmr-klagen-gegen-usa-grossbritannien-ueberwachung-prism-tempora/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">hier</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;"> </span></div>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-77238522094373587912013-06-26T16:20:00.001+02:002013-06-26T16:20:50.881+02:00Just published: European Yearbook on Human Rights 2013<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTnhUhWiqLbv7QBpt7pHqlrN327Mw062OnXnF4NANyadV0Kx43kAYcL4PzS8BiHiIv9-PzyB_tvn2uptLs2rYMnRNo1db1FGKSf0CDMxGijEDc1dH1jbHP-1FwRyQp_-AMHoKXspDeSo/s1600/EYHR+2013+-+Titel.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTnhUhWiqLbv7QBpt7pHqlrN327Mw062OnXnF4NANyadV0Kx43kAYcL4PzS8BiHiIv9-PzyB_tvn2uptLs2rYMnRNo1db1FGKSf0CDMxGijEDc1dH1jbHP-1FwRyQp_-AMHoKXspDeSo/s320/EYHR+2013+-+Titel.JPG" width="233" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">ISBN: 978-3-7083-0925-5</span></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Wolfgang Benedek/Florence Benoît-Rohmer/Wolfram
Karl/Matthias C. </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">
Kettemann/Manfred Nowak (eds.)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">European Yearbook<br />
on Human Rights 2013</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">In terms of human rights 2012 was the year of <b>coherence</b>:
The EU adopted the first Strategic Framework and Action Plan on Human
Rights and Democracy and appointed its first Special
Representative for Human Rights. At the Council of Europe, the importance
of coherence in executing judgments and in improving the efficiency of justice
remains high. And the story of OSCE's human dimension proves to be one of
ensuring policy coherence.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Defining and
discussing key developments in human rights, the fifth edition of the European
Yearbook on Human Rights brings together <b>26 contributions</b> by renowned
human rights experts that provide a much needed overview and sought-after
analysis.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Edited jointly by representatives of <b>four major
European human rights research, teaching and training institutions</b></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">, the Yearbook 2013 covers extensively all relevant
developments in the field of the three main organizations charged with securing
human rights in Europe: EU, Council of Europe and OSCE.
A further chapter contains contributions on the role of civil society in
human rights protection and on cross-cutting topics.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pursuing a holistic
approach and containing detailed analyses, the European Yearbook on Human
Rights 2013 provides readers with both a comprehensive overview and deep
understanding of the events and issues that have shaped the human rights debate
in Europe in 2012 and will shape it in the future.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The impressive
array of authors – <b>academics</b> and <b>diplomats</b>, <b>practitioners</b>
and <b>human rights experts</b> – makes the book essential reading for anyone
interested in human rights in Europe and beyond.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 130%;"><a href="http://www.nwv.at/recht/verfassungsrecht/1019_european_yearbook_on_human_rights_2013/" target="_blank"><b>Details and table of contents</b></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Contributions</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I Topics of the Year</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Karen ABUZAYD, Carla DEL PONTE, Vitit MUNTARBHORN and Paulo Sérgio PINHEIRO: The Imperative of a Political </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Settlement in Syria: Perspectives of the UN Independent Commission of Inquiry</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Engelbert THEUERMANN: The Review of the EU Human Rights Policy: A Commitment to Strengthened EU Action on Human </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Rights</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ulrike LUNACEK: Sticks and Carrots from Brussels to Pristina: An Inside Perspective on the Difficult but Rewarding Project of </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Kosovo’s EU Rapprochement</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">II European Union</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wolfgang BENEDEK: EU Action on Human and Fundamental Rights in 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jeff KENNER: The Court of Justice of the European Union and Human Rights in 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Allan ROSAS: The Applicability of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights at National Level</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Christian BEHRMANN and Davide ZARU: The External Promotion of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights by the EU: Some </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Lessons for the Future</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peter VALANT: The EU Special Representative for Human Rights: Manager or Mastermind?</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Theodor RATHGEBER: The EU at the UN Human Rights Council in 2012: Out of Touch with Human Rights Dynamics</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">José Luis BAZÁN: Freedom of Religion in the European Union</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aikaterini-Kaousar AMPOU-SALIM: The EU’s Involvement in the Democratization Process in Egypt and in Libya Before and </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">During the Arab Spring</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sarah DERDELINCKX: Towards a More Effective Promotion of Human Rights and Democracy in Central Asia: the Need for a </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Paradigm Change in EU Policy</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Silvia GÓMEZ MORADILLO: Ending the Detention of Irregular Migrants Prior to Removal in the EU’s Mediterranean Member </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">States: A Proposal to Reform the Return Directive with a View to Alternatives to Detention</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marnix DE WITTE: The Case for a Solidarity- and Human Rights-Based Revision of the Dublin System</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paolo PAGOTTO: EU Trade Policy and Labour Standards: The Case of the Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Peru</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">III Council of Europe</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Brigitte OHMS, Tatjana CARDONA, Elisabeth HANDL-PETZ, Leonore LANGE: The Human Rights Jurisprudence of the </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">European Court of Human Rights in 2012</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jean Paul JACQUÉ: A propos de Nada contre Suisse: Les résolutions du Conseil de Sécurité devant la Cour européenne des </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">droits de l’Homme</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dominika BYCHAWSKA-SINIARSKA: Why (and How) the Committee of Ministers Needs to Be Reformed in Order to Enhance </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Implementation of ECtHR Judgments</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Georg STAWA: The Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) of the Council of Europe: Aims, Tools and Instruments to </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Measure and Provide Competence, Independence, Impartiality, Transparency and Efficiency to Judicial Systems</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IV OSCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Douglas WAKE: Is There Life after Astana? Recent Developments in the OSCE’s “Human Dimension” in Historical Perspective</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aleksandar LAZOVSKI and Aleksandar DIMISHKOVSKI: ODIHR’s Activities Against Discriminatory Practices in the Former </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: A Case-Study of Roma Integration</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Snježana BOKULIC and Omer FISHER: ODIHR’s Human Rights Monitoring: Observing Public Events and Supporting </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Freedom of Peaceful Assembly</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">V Cross-cutting Issues</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Manfred NOWAK: The European Master in Human Rights and Democratisation in Venice</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Antonio PAPISCA: What Education for a Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth in the EU? The Relevance of Human Rights </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">Education</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lauri MÄLKSOO: The Human Rights Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church and its Patriarch Kirill I: A Critical Appraisal</span></span></div>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-56998573777884164832013-06-22T18:25:00.000+02:002013-06-22T18:25:08.822+02:00Call for Papers: Practices of Critique, 5-7 December 2013, Frankfurt<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8TcUdPjsEYq57uLPwOODFpdo7_R2e-S4LoD2zEVmfj4IgDCtpuuhFJ1cLBh27_ulCelacNJNLCNAcx236y8C1ES3akDZoDTnJwy28BFkMYq15g08rM56NRmBHUi9VX9pp9oLNGLaB3o4/s1600/IMG_3848.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8TcUdPjsEYq57uLPwOODFpdo7_R2e-S4LoD2zEVmfj4IgDCtpuuhFJ1cLBh27_ulCelacNJNLCNAcx236y8C1ES3akDZoDTnJwy28BFkMYq15g08rM56NRmBHUi9VX9pp9oLNGLaB3o4/s320/IMG_3848.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I'm happy to share a <a href="http://goo.gl/UFziO">call</a> for papers for the </span><br />
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<a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/en/events/young-researchers-conferences" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Fourth International Young Researcher's Conference</span></a></h2>
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<strong><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Practices of Critique</span></span></strong></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5-7 December 2013</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit;">Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Campus Westend</span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit;">Two of the panels are of particular interest to those who engage with Internet and human rights issues: </span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Von Shitstorms und Empörungswellen – Gründe und Abgründe der Internetkritik <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Praktiken%20der%20Kritik%20in%20der%20digitalen%20Zeit%201%20und%202.pdf">click here...</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktiken der Kritik nach dem Arabischen Frühling <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Praktiken%20der%20Kritik%20nach%20dem%20Arabischen%20Frhling.doc.pdf">click here...</a></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: inherit; line-height: 20px;">Below you can find the complete call.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit;">Call for Papers</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit;"> (pdf): </span></span><a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Call%20for%20Papers%20Practices%20of%20Critique.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></div>
<br /><strong style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 20px;">Deadline: 15 July 2013</strong></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Practices of critique are intertwined with normative orders in manifold ways. They contain and refer reflexively to critical contentions, and they can enable as well as suppress critique. On the one hand, critique can draw on the justificatory basis of normative orders. On the other, such an immanent critique always harbours the danger of contributing to the reproduction of the conditions it questions. Further, critical practices of social movements and theoretical interventions are often confronted with the argument that there is no uncontaminated position from which to formulate critique. Accordingly, the question arises as to what forms critique will assume and under what historical, political and social conditions critique will appear at all.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this context it is essential to reconstruct the theoretical foundations of critique and power structures as well the <strong>practices</strong>in which they are instantiated. Three aspects are crucial: firstly concrete forms of power and their application, which always emerge from a tension between normative claims and solidified systems of rule; secondly the purview of <strong>justice</strong> as the foundation for critical rationale; thirdly the aspect of <strong>representation</strong>. After all, justifications are carried via narratives as well as symbols such that they necessarily contain excess aesthetic content. Therefore the aesthetic facets of power, justice or legitimation also require attention. These terms of reference result in the following array of questions for the conference:</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>1) Conditions of possibility for critique</strong><br />Under what circumstances do practices of critique emerge? To what extent are unjust conditions relevant? How do specific normative orders, power structures and representations of them by themselves and others affect the emergence of critique? How can we apprehend the (im-)possibility of the critique of normative orders? Are there spaces of critique that lie beyond the reach of the criticized, or is critique perpetually condemned to aporetic relations?</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>2) Realization of critique</strong><br />In what forms does critique become manifest? What social practices are connected with critique, and how do they relate to each other, not least with regard to their respective interpretations of social reality? How can we grasp practices of critique – conceptually as well as empirically? What role do representations of critique and the criticized play in terms of its realization? Do particular forms of articulation further legitimize relations of dominance? Who is able to and who is entitled to express critique?</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>3) Reactions to critique</strong><br />What reactions to various practices of critique, such as social movements and theoretical interventions, can we observe? Do they lead to a stabilization of power structures through conservative retrenchment or to reflexive social change towards more just relations? How does the academic reconstruction of social struggles influence the reaction towards critique? How does the representation or the mode in which orders are justified and critiqued affect the reproduction of injustice, oppression and violence?</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such questions shall be addressed from multidisciplinary perspectives at the international graduate conference “Practices of Critique” of the Frankfurt Cluster of Excellence “The Formation of Normative Orders” on the <strong>5-7 December 2013</strong>. We invite abstracts from novice researchers (max. four years subsequent to receiving a PhD) until <strong>15 July 2013</strong>. There are 23 panels (about half of them are in English) to which you may directly apply. You may also submit your abstract under the general conference theme should selecting a specific panel prove unfeasible. For further information concerning content and language of the panels please refer to the links below or visit the following website:<br /><a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/young-researchers-conference" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">www.normativeorders.net/young-researchers-conference</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Please email proposed contributions to <a href="mailto:graduateconference@normativeorders.net" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">graduateconference@normativeorders.net</a>, including an<strong>anonymized abstract and a short bio</strong> in two separate documents (doc or rtf). The subject heading of the email should include the panel of choice. The length of abstracts should be <strong>400 - 700</strong> words.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Child care services are available with advance registration. For further question on this and other issues, feel free to contact the organizers at the above email address. We are looking forward to your submissions!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Panels</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Non-)Compliance and Critique <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Non-Compliance%20and%20Critique.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Coping with critique: The reaction of international organizations to normative contestation <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Coping%20with%20critique%20The%20reaction%20of%20international%20organizations%20to%20normative%20contestation.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Crisis and critique in banking and finance <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Crisis%20and%20critique%20in%20banking%20and%20finance.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Critical Theory and Global Justice <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Critical%20Theory%20and%20Global%20Justice.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Critique from beyond the Edge of the (Legal) Universe <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Critique%20from%20beyond%20the%20Edge%20of%20the%20Legal%20Universe.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Democracy in theory and practice - or both? <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Democracy%20in%20theory%20and%20practice%20or%20both.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Die Kritik auf der Leinwand - Darstellungsformen von Rechtfertigung <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Die%20Kritik%20auf%20der%20Leinwand.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Die Schönheit der Chance: Das Internet als Ort utopischer Praktiken <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Praktiken%20der%20Kritik%20in%20der%20digitalen%20Zeit%201%20und%202.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dogmatik – Apologie oder Kritik von Normativität <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Dogmatik%20Apologie%20oder%20Kritik%20von%20Normativitt.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Freiheit und Kritik <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Freiheit%20und%20Kritik.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeterminacy in law and Critical Legal Theory <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Indeterminacy%20in%20the%20law%20and%20critical%20legal%20theory.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Knowledge and Action <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Knowledge%20and%20Action.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kritik der politischen Kunst <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Kritik%20der%20politischen%20Kunst.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kritische Rechtsbetrachtungen: Wohin zielt ihre Kritik und worauf zielt die Kritik an ihnen? <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Kritische%20Rechtsbetrachtungen.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Normativität der Sozialkritik <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Normativitt%20der%20Sozialkritik.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other Voices, Other Critique? Critical Knowledges Otherwise <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Other%20Voices%20Other%20Critique.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Politics of Insecurity, Critique of Security <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Politics%20of%20Insecurity%20Critique%20of%20Security.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Politische Gewalt und Aufstände als fundamentale Systemkritik: Transnationale Reaktionen im langen 19. Jahrhundert <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Politische%20Gewalt%20und%20Aufstnde%20als%20fundamentale%20Systemkritik.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Von Shitstorms und Empörungswellen – Gründe und Abgründe der Internetkritik <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Praktiken%20der%20Kritik%20in%20der%20digitalen%20Zeit%201%20und%202.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Praktiken der Kritik nach dem Arabischen Frühling <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Praktiken%20der%20Kritik%20nach%20dem%20Arabischen%20Frhling.doc.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Religion and Critique <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Religion%20and%20Critique.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Revolution and Reflection: 1789 and beyond <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Revolution%20and%20Reflection%201789%20and%20beyond.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Transnationaler Konstitutionalismus zwischen Herrschaft und Kritik <a href="http://www.normativeorders.net/media/images/downloads/nachwuchskonferenz/2013/Transnationaler%20Konstitutionalismus%20zwischen%20Herrschaft%20und%20Kritik.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #592d6c; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">click here...</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Presented by:</strong><br />Cluster of Excellence "The Formation of Normative Orders" in cooperation with "100 Jahre Goethe-Universität" and the involvment of "Hochschule für Gestaltung Offenbach"</span></div>
Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-36568407722040164992013-06-19T00:45:00.000+02:002013-06-19T00:45:23.992+02:00Surveillance under Scrutiny: Finally, the world is talking about human rights online <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As more revelations
regarding PRISM and Verizon's metadata emerge, one key question arises:
Can something bad be actually good? Can the revelations on surveillance
practices that have galvanized global civil society lead to a broad discussion
on what privacy means, what the limits to surveillance should be, and how human
rights (and the proportionality requirement) limit state action? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Or, as the Economist
puts it (in an excellent summary </span><a href="http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21579473-americas-national-security-agency-collects-more-information-most-people-thought-will"><span lang="EN-US">here</span></a><span lang="EN-US">), "Will scrutiny spur change"?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is ironic, but in
Obama's second term, change is indeed necessary. Change in the way that
Internet surveillance is conducted - in secret and without broad public
scrutiny. Of course, fighting terrorism is a key responsibility of governments,
but in that fight, human rights need to be respected - online and
offline. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What we have learned
about PRISM and Verizon suggests that human rights considerations did not play
to important a role in the formulation and implementation of surveillance
policies. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">A lot of good can come
from this assessment. While two thirds of US citizens, in a poll reported by
the </span><a href="http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21579473-americas-national-security-agency-collects-more-information-most-people-thought-will"><span lang="EN-US">Economist</span></a><span lang="EN-US">, agreed that surveillance of their
telephone metadata did not bother them, and still half felt the same regarding
traffic data on their email communications, a number of global civil society organizations
with a keen interest in Internet policy energetically formulated new demands
and provided options for the way forward.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Best Bits, a coalition
of global civil society groups and individuals active in Internet policy, has
published a </span><a href="http://bestbits.net/prism-congress/"><span lang="EN-US">letter</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> to the US Congress on Internet and
telecommunications surveillance. CDT, which signed the letter, </span><a href="https://www.cdt.org/blogs/emma-llanso/1806international-groups-call-congress-rein-nsa"><span lang="EN-US">argued </span></a><span lang="EN-US">that it "highlights how
the NSA’s surveillance activities not only threaten Americans’
constitutional rights but also the human rights of everyone."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, as the letter
points out: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"The introduction
of surveillance mechanisms at the heart of global digital communications
severely threatens human rights in the digital age."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While it is not easy
to pinpoint violations of US laws and particular human rights breached by
PRISM, the letter correctly identifies the troubling contradiction between US
commitments to Internet freedom and the surveillance practices. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"The
contradiction between the persistent affirmation of human rights online by the
US government and the recent allegations of what appears to be mass
surveillance of US and non-US citizens by that same government is very
disturbing and carries negative repercussions on the global stage. A blatant
and systematic disregard for the human rights articulated in Articles 17 and 19
of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to which
the United States is signatory, as well as Articles 12 and 19 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights is suggested."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The law is very
complex and international law may not offer definitive answers but the
surveillance activities, at the very least, question whether consumer trust in
US companies is well placed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Coalition calls
upon the Obama administration and US Congress<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"to take immediate action to
dismantle existing, and prevent the creation of future, global Internet
and telecommunications based surveillance systems."<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"to allow involved or affected
companies to publish statistics of past and future Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act (FISA) requests they have received or may receive."<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"to establish protections for
government whistleblowers in order to better ensure that the public is
adequately informed about abuses of power that violate the fundamental
human rights of the citizens of all countries, US and other."<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">"[to create] an independent panel
with subpoena power and all necessary security clearances to examine
current practices and to make recommendations to ensure appropriate
protections for the rights to privacy, free expression, and association. </span>The
results of this panel should be broadly published."<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><br />
The letter to Congress is the second sent by Best Bits. The first went to the
Human Right Council </span><a href="http://bestbits.net/prism-nsa/"><span lang="EN-US">urging</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> the UN body to <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
"act swiftly to prevent the creation of a global Internet based
surveillance system by:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">convening a special session to examine
this case<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">supporting a multistakeholder process to
implement the recommendation of Mr La Rue that the Human Rights Committee
develop a new General Comment 16 on the right to privacy in light of
technological advancements, and,<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">requesting the High Commissioner to
prepare a report that:<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ol>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">formally asks states to report
on practices and laws in place on surveillance and what corrective steps
will they will take to meet human rights standards, and<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">examines the implications of
this case in in the light of the Human Rights Council endorsed United
Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the “Protect,
Respect and Remedy” Framework of A/HRC/RES/17/4.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Both policy approaches,
a US-centred one and a global approach, are important and well
placed. They are based on the same commitment ot human rights online as
the 11 June 2013 </span><a href="https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=Decl%2812.06.2013%29&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIntranet=EDB021&BackColorLogged=F5D383"><span lang="EN-US">Declaration</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> of the Committee of Ministers
on Risks to Fundamental Rights stemming from Digital Tracking and other
Surveillance Technologies. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Council of Europe
recalls that Council of Europe member states have undertaken <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"to secure to
everyone within their jurisdiction the right to respect of private and family
life, home and correspondence. Restrictions to this right can only be justified
when it is necessary in a democratic society, in accordance with the law and
for one of the limited purposes set out in Article 8, paragraph 2, of the
Convention. ... [Member] States have negative obligations, that is, to
refrain from interference with fundamental rights, and positive obligations,
that is, to actively protect these rights. This includes the protection of
individuals from action by non-state actors."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The NSA was no
non-state actor, of course, but the companies holding data for European
customers are. Again, legal questions are tricky, especially regarding the
extraterritorial application of European data protection and privacy rights.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Council of Europe
finally identified the key challenge of weighing between<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"the risks of
digital tracking and other surveillance technologies for human rights,
democracy and the rule of law and [...] the need to guarantee their legitimate
use which benefits individuals, the economy, society at large, and the needs of
law enforcement"<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">The revelations of
NSA's surveillance serve to put the role of human rights online squarely
in the focus of the international community. Thus it's truly an exciting
time as I head towards Lisbon for the EuroDIG where I will join as speaker
a </span><a href="http://www.eurodig.org/eurodig-2013/programme/workshops/workshop-4"><span lang="EN-US">workshop on human rights on the
Internet organized by IRP Coalition</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> on Thursday and organize a </span><a href="http://www.eurodig.org/flash-7-2013"><span lang="EN-US">flash panel on Internet surveillance</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> on Friday. </span>Stop by if you have
time or attend <a href="http://www.eurodig.org/eurodig-2013/programme">remotely</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NSA is committed to the <a href="http://www.nsa.gov/about/values/index.shtml">value</a> of "<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;">protect[ing] natio</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;">nal security interests by adhering to the highest standards of behavior". This is commenable. And true, since only by adhering to human rights (as the yardstick against which state behavior can be measured) can the NSA (or any other agency or state actor) ensure security, ideally human security. </span></span></div>
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Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4070817223703433987.post-69752380828932099752013-06-11T13:13:00.002+02:002013-06-11T13:13:37.222+02:00Human Rights on the Internet: EuroDIG workshops and sesssions will look at rights, responsibilities - and surveillance<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9iue-0FDWOve0dJo3fxQ8qNBSK6BIRfbSa8wRruUkpKOEDWi80NUHdjERPuTNgkoGmloGXf7Qk6ZGVnbSx8H2aJyoeI0Ufrr7gg2uCp6NRqiiw8A6zdbZ5MDEvkl15voYbtQsiurKiwE/s1600/IMG_3362.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9iue-0FDWOve0dJo3fxQ8qNBSK6BIRfbSa8wRruUkpKOEDWi80NUHdjERPuTNgkoGmloGXf7Qk6ZGVnbSx8H2aJyoeI0Ufrr7gg2uCp6NRqiiw8A6zdbZ5MDEvkl15voYbtQsiurKiwE/s320/IMG_3362.JPG" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Internet surveillance will be among the key <br />topics discussed at EuroDIG.<i>Visitors in St. <br />Gallen's Art Musuem (c) Kettemann 2013</i> </span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I'm at <a href="http://www.eurodig.org/eurodig-2013/programme">EuroDIG</a> (European Dialogue on Intenret Governance) in Lisbon next week. The conference promises to be very exciting in light of recent developments regarding human rights and Internet Governance. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I'm a speaker in Workshop 4 entitled "</span><a href="http://www.eurodig.org/eurodig-2013/programme/workshops/workshop-4" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Towards a Human Internet? Rules, Rights, and Responsibilities for Our Online Future</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">". The workshop, coordinated by Marianne Franklin of the IRP Coalition has an innovative breakout format with sessions of freedom of epxression, Internet access, privacy, security and realizing human rights online. If you're in Lisbon, join us. And if you're not, join us remotely.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In light of recent events I also organize a Flash Session on Friday, 21 June, 8:00 (pending confirmation) on human rights and Intenret surveillance. Details to follow but the planned outline is posted below. Stay tuned to this blog for further developments. </span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Human Rights
and Internet Surveillance: Standards, Principles and Lines of Action</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Focal Point: </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="mailto:matthias.kettemann@gmail.com">Matthias
C. Kettemann</a></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Surveillance has never been easier: a sharp increase
in stored data, better surveillance and data mining tools, and
security-oriented political priorities together threaten privacy, freedom of
expression and democratic participation worldwide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In </span><a href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resolution 20/8 (2012)</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, the Human Rights Council
affirmed that “the same rights that people have offline must also be protected
online, in particular freedom of expression”.
As UN Special Rapporteur La Rue wrote in his </span><a href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2013 report</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, Internet surveillance may not only violate privacy
but has serious chilling effects on a range of other human rights. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Flash will look at key questions brought forth both by La Rue’s report, reflecting worldwide trends, and by the PRISM revelations.<br /><br /><ul>
<li>What are the limits to Internet surveillance?</li>
<li>What is worse: If the surveillance systems in place are illegal or if they are, in fact, legal under national legislation? What about international standards, as developed in the jurisprudence of e.g. the European Court of Human Rights?</li>
<li>What role and responsibilities do the different actors – states, companies – in Internet surveillance have? What can civil society do? What about extisting standards, such as the IRP Charter on Internet Rights and Principles?</li>
<li>What lines of action exist: Should the Human Rights Council convene a special session? What role can the High Commissioner for Human Rights play? Which organizations should be activated?</li>
</ul>
</span>Matthiashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15120380088913685801noreply@blogger.com0